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The mineralogy of Titanium

General Properties
Symbol:Ti
Atomic Number:22
Standard atomic weight (Ar):47.867(1)
Electron configuration:[Ar] 3d2 4s2
Photos
<
Titanium crystal bar
>
Atomic Properties
Electronegativity (Pauling scale):1.54
Atomic Radius:176 pm
Ionic Radius:86 pm (+2)
1st Ionization energy:659 kJ/mol
1st Electron affinity:-8 kJ/mol
Oxidation States:-1,2,3,4
Physical Properties
Standard State:solid
Bonding Type:metallic
Melting Point:1941 K
Boiling Point:3560 K
Density:4.51 g/cm3
Metal/Non-Metal:transition metal
Main isotopes of Titanium
Isotope% in NatureHalf LifeDecay typeDecay product
44Tisynthetic63yε44Sc
46Ti8.0%stable
47Ti7.3%stable
48Ti73.8%stable
49Ti5.5%stable
50Ti5.4%stable
Main ions of Titanium
NameIonExample minerals
titanium(III)Ti3+
titanium(IV)Ti4+
titanateTiO32-Perovskite
Other Information
Year Discovered:1791
Discovered By:
08788990017362065977058.jpg
William Gregor
Year Isolated:1825
Isolated By:
06064690017362062967046.jpg
Jöns Jakob Berzelius
Named For:Titans of Greek mythology
CPK color coding:#BFC2C7
External Links:WikipediaWebElementsLos Alamos National LaboratoryTheodore Gray's PeriodicTable.com
Simple Compounds and Mineral Names
Nitridestitanium nitrideTiN+3Osbornite
Sulfidestitanium sulphideTiS+2Wassonite
titanium disulphideTiS2+4
dititanium trisulphideTi2S3+3
Hydridestitanium dihydrideTiH2+2
Fluoridestitanium difluorideTiF2+2
titanium trifluorideTiF3+3
titanium tetrafluorideTiF4+4
Chloridestitanium dichlorideTiCl2+2
titanium trichlorideTiCl3+3
titanium tetrachlorideTiCl4+4
Bromidestitanium tribromideTiBr3+3
titanium tetrabromideTiBr4+4
Iodidestitanium diiodideTiI2+2
titanium triiodideTiI3+3
titanium tetraiodideTiI4+4
Oxidestitanium oxideTiO+2Akaogiite, Anatase, Brookite, Rutile
titanium dioxideTiO2+4
dititanium trioxideTi2O3+3
trititanium pentoxideTi3O5+3,+4
Titanium as a chromophore in minerals and gems
ChromophoreDescription
Fe2+ - Ti4+ IVCTIntervalence Charge Transfer - brown to brownish-red colouration eg in some dravite and neptunite (where the reddish tint is more noticeable in thin section.
Ti3+ - Ti4+ IVCTSimilar to above, orange-red colour in some dravite.
Mineral Diversity of Titanium
1. Elements 14 valid mineral species
2. Sulfides And Sulfosalts 2 valid mineral species
4. Oxides 120 valid mineral species
5. Carbonates 1 valid mineral species
7. Sulfates 2 valid mineral species
8. Phosphates, Arsenates, Vanadates14 valid mineral species
9. Silicates 218 valid mineral species
Total:371 valid species containing essential Titanium
Minerals with the greatest weight % of Titanium
TitaniumTi100.00 %
Khamrabaevite(Ti,V,Fe)C79.94 %
OsborniteTiN77.36 %
MaurogemmiiteTi10Fe3O368.95 %
JingsuiiteTiB268.88 %
TistariteTi3+2O366.61 %
KangjinlaiteTi11Si1065.21 %
Panguite(Ti,Al,Sc,Mg,Zr,Ca)1.8O364.22 %
KaitianiteTi3+2Ti4+O564.22 %
SassiteTi3+2Ti4+O564.22 %
Geochemistry of Titanium
Goldschmidt classification:Lithophile
Ti3+ is enriched in Ca-Al-rich inclusions in meteorites relative to the composition of the solar system.
Ti4+ enters early-forming phases in igneous rocks.
Ti4+ is commonly concentrated in residual soils and sediments.
Ti4+ is concentrated in deep-sea ferromanganese nodules relative to seawater.
Elemental Abundance for Titanium
Crust (CRC Handbook)5.65 x 10-3mass fraction, kg/kg
Crust (Kaye & Laby)8.6 x 10-3mass fraction, kg/kg
Crust (Greenwood)6.320 x 10-3mass fraction, kg/kg
Crust (Ahrens/Taylor)5.400 x 10-3mass fraction, kg/kg
Crust (Ahrens/Wänke)5.250 x 10-3mass fraction, kg/kg
Crust (Ahrens/Weaver)3.600 x 10-3mass fraction, kg/kg
Upper Crust (Ahrens/Taylor)3.000 x 10-3mass fraction, kg/kg
Upper Crust (Ahrens/Shaw)3.120 x 10-3mass fraction, kg/kg
Sea Water (CRC Handbook)1 x 10-9mass per volume fraction, kg/L
Sea Water (Kaye & Laby)1 x 10-9mass per volume fraction, kg/L
The Sun (Kaye & Laby)2.7 x 10-3atom mole fraction relative to Si=1
Solar System (Kaye & Laby)2.4 x 10-3atom mole fraction relative to Si=1
Solar System (Ahrens)2.40 x 10-3 (5.0%)atom mole fraction relative to Si=1 (% uncertainty)
Element association of Titanium in the Mineral World
This table compares the known valid mineral species listed listed with Titanium and the other elements listed based on the official IMA formula. Note that unlike other sections on this page this includes non-essential elements.

The first data column contains the total number of minerals listed with Titanium and the element listed for that row.

The second data column lists this number as a percentage of all minerals listed with Titanium.

The final data column compares this percentage against the percentage of all minerals that contain the element listed in each row.

Click on a heading to sort.
ElementValid Minerals listed with element and Titanium% of Ti mineralsRelative to % in all minerals
Oxygen415 minerals with Ti and O96.74%19.49% higher
Silicon256 minerals with Ti and Si59.67%116.06% higher
Hydrogen209 minerals with Ti and H48.72%12.78% lower
Sodium173 minerals with Ti and Na40.33%114.54% higher
Iron172 minerals with Ti and Fe40.09%78.37% higher
Calcium120 minerals with Ti and Ca27.97%11.92% higher
Niobium90 minerals with Ti and Nb20.98%599.23% higher
Potassium89 minerals with Ti and K20.75%108.68% higher
Manganese78 minerals with Ti and Mn18.18%56.14% higher
Barium78 minerals with Ti and Ba18.18%289.27% higher
Fluorine76 minerals with Ti and F17.72%123.38% higher
Magnesium59 minerals with Ti and Mg13.75%2.66% higher
Aluminium56 minerals with Ti and Al13.05%34.83% lower
Cerium38 minerals with Ti and Ce8.86%187.46% higher
Zirconium37 minerals with Ti and Zr8.62%256.91% higher
Strontium35 minerals with Ti and Sr8.16%190.78% higher
Phosphorus28 minerals with Ti and P6.53%46.84% lower
Yttrium26 minerals with Ti and Y6.06%163.17% higher
Chromium20 minerals with Ti and Cr4.66%154.39% higher
Vanadium19 minerals with Ti and V4.43%8.05% lower
Zinc19 minerals with Ti and Zn4.43%21.75% lower
Uranium18 minerals with Ti and U4.20%18.13% lower
Lithium16 minerals with Ti and Li3.73%86.97% higher
Chlorine15 minerals with Ti and Cl3.50%52.82% lower
Arsenic15 minerals with Ti and As3.50%72.98% lower
Boron13 minerals with Ti and B3.03%40.11% lower
Tantalum11 minerals with Ti and Ta2.56%125.86% higher
Lead10 minerals with Ti and Pb2.33%78.35% lower
Lanthanum9 minerals with Ti and La2.10%55.85% higher
Sulfur8 minerals with Ti and S1.86%91.56% lower
Beryllium6 minerals with Ti and Be1.40%36.12% lower
Carbon6 minerals with Ti and C1.40%82.79% lower
Antimony5 minerals with Ti and Sb1.17%79.53% lower
Thorium5 minerals with Ti and Th1.17%84.27% higher
Tin4 minerals with Ti and Sn0.93%49.12% lower
Copper3 minerals with Ti and Cu0.70%94.84% lower
Caesium3 minerals with Ti and Cs0.70%34.75% higher
Neodymium3 minerals with Ti and Nd0.70%18.64% lower
Tungsten2 minerals with Ti and W0.47%48.67% lower
Nitrogen1 mineral with Ti and N0.23%90.90% lower
Scandium1 mineral with Ti and Sc0.23%42.51% lower
Tellurium1 mineral with Ti and Te0.23%93.38% lower
Periodic Table
1H 2He
3Li 4Be 5B 6C 7N 8O 9F 10Ne
11Na 12Mg 13Al 14Si 15P 16S 17Cl 18Ar
19K 20Ca 21Sc 22Ti 23V 24Cr 25Mn 26Fe 27Co 28Ni 29Cu 30Zn 31Ga 32Ge 33As 34Se 35Br 36Kr
37Rb 38Sr 39Y 40Zr 41Nb 42Mo 43Tc 44Ru 45Rh 46Pd 47Ag 48Cd 49In 50Sn 51Sb 52Te 53I 54Xe
55Cs 56Ba 57La 72Hf 73Ta 74W 75Re 76Os 77Ir 78Pt 79Au 80Hg 81Tl 82Pb 83Bi 84Po 85At 86Rn
87Fr 88Ra 89Ac 104Rd 105Db 106Sg 107Bh 108Hs 109Mt 110Ds 111Rg 112Cn 113Nh 114Fl 115Mc 116Lv 117Ts 118Og
 
58Ce 59Pr 60Nd 61Pm 62Sm 63Eu 64Gd 65Tb 66Dy 67Ho 68Er 69Tm 70Yb 71Lu
90Th 91Pa 92U 93Np 94Pu 95Am 96Cm 97Bk 98Cf 99Es 100Fm 101Md 102No 103Lr
Default Categories CPK Electronegativity Atomic Radius Lowest Oxidation Highest Oxidation Crustal Abundance Goldschmidt Mineral Species Minerals with Ti Relative Frequency
Scandium << Titanium >> Vanadium


Most widespread minerals containing Titanium
This list of minerals containing Titanium is built from the mindat.org locality database. This is based on the number of localities entered for mineral species and is therefore slanted towards minerals interesting to collectors with less coverage of common rock-forming-minerals so it does not give an undistorted distribution of Titanium mineral species. It is more useful when comparing rare species rather than common species.
NameFormulaCrystal SystemMindat Localities
RutileTiO2Tetragonal7632
IlmeniteFe2+TiO3Trigonal7367
TitaniteCaTi(SiO4)OMonoclinic7055
AnataseTiO2Tetragonal2834
BrookiteTiO2Orthorhombic873
PerovskiteCaTiO3Orthorhombic740
PyrophaniteMn2+TiO3Trigonal346
AenigmatiteNa4[Fe2+10Ti2]O4[Si12O36]Triclinic345
KaersutiteNaCa2(Mg3AlTi4+)(Si6Al2)O22O2Monoclinic344
BranneriteUTi2O6Monoclinic324
Photos
05630260017271926301727.jpg
Rutile

Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil
08961600017271924288508.jpg
Ilmenite

In den Dellen quarries, Mendig, Mendig, Mayen-Koblenz, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany
04496000017271928329938.jpg
Titanite

Mittersill, Zell am See District, Salzburg, Austria
05206220017272059769953.jpg
Anatase

Tälli glacier, Albrunhorn - Turbhorn area, Binn, Goms, Valais, Switzerland
05630260017271926301727.jpg
Rutile

Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil
08961600017271924288508.jpg
Ilmenite

In den Dellen quarries, Mendig, Mendig, Mayen-Koblenz, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany
04496000017271928329938.jpg
Titanite

Mittersill, Zell am See District, Salzburg, Austria
05206220017272059769953.jpg
Anatase

Tälli glacier, Albrunhorn - Turbhorn area, Binn, Goms, Valais, Switzerland
02418100017271926437256.jpg
Rutile

Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil
08961600017271924288508.jpg
Ilmenite

In den Dellen quarries, Mendig, Mendig, Mayen-Koblenz, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany
06140000017271928325207.jpg
Titanite

Mittersill, Zell am See District, Salzburg, Austria
05206220017272059769953.jpg
Anatase

Tälli glacier, Albrunhorn - Turbhorn area, Binn, Goms, Valais, Switzerland

Localities with greatest number of different Titanium mineral species
1Poudrette quarry (De-Mix quarry; Demix quarry; Uni-Mix quarry; Carrière Mont Saint-Hilaire; MSH), Mont Saint-Hilaire, La Vallée-du-Richelieu RCM, Montérégie, Québec, Canada45 Ti minerals
2Dara-i-Pioz Massif, Districts of Republican Subordination, Tajikistan31 Ti minerals
3Koashva Open Pit, Koashva Mt, Khibiny Massif, Murmansk Oblast, Russia31 Ti minerals
4Kukisvumchorr Mt, Khibiny Massif, Murmansk Oblast, Russia30 Ti minerals
5Alluaiv Mountain, Lovozersky District, Murmansk Oblast, Russia29 Ti minerals
Poços de Caldas alkaline complex, Minas Gerais, Brazil29 Ti minerals
Ilímaussaq complex, Kujalleq, Greenland28 Ti minerals
8Karnasurt Mountain, Lovozersky District, Murmansk Oblast, Russia27 Ti minerals
 
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To cite: Ralph, J., Von Bargen, D., Martynov, P., Zhang, J., Que, X., Prabhu, A., Morrison, S. M., Li, W., Chen, W., & Ma, X. (2025). Mindat.org: The open access mineralogy database to accelerate data-intensive geoscience research. American Mineralogist, 110(6), 833–844. doi:10.2138/am-2024-9486.
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