Coffinite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Coffinite
Reuben Clare Coffin
Formula:
U(SiO4) · nH2O
Also given as (U4+,Th)(SiO4)1-x(OH)4x
Colour:
Black
Lustre:
Adamantine
Hardness:
5 - 6
Specific Gravity:
5.1
Crystal System:
Tetragonal
Member of:
Name:
Named in honor of Reuben Clare Coffin (29 October 1886, Longmont, Colorado, USA - 10 September 1972, Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA), geologist, for his outstanding geologic studies in southwestern Colorado. He worked as Chief Geologist of the Midwest Refining Company, later the Stanolind Oil and Gas company, and consultant to USGS.
This page provides mineralogical data about Coffinite.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
1106
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:1106:4
IMA Classification of Coffinite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
First published:
1955
Classification of Coffinite
9.AD.30
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
A : Nesosilicates
D : Nesosilicates without additional anions; cations in [6] and/or greater coordination
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
A : Nesosilicates
D : Nesosilicates without additional anions; cations in [6] and/or greater coordination
51.5.2.4
51 : NESOSILICATES Insular SiO4 Groups Only
5 : Insular SiO4 Groups Only with cations in >[6] coordination
51 : NESOSILICATES Insular SiO4 Groups Only
5 : Insular SiO4 Groups Only with cations in >[6] coordination
14.16.2
14 : Silicates not Containing Aluminum
16 : Silicates of U
14 : Silicates not Containing Aluminum
16 : Silicates of U
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Cof | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Cof | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Physical Properties of Coffinite
Adamantine
Transparency:
Opaque
Colour:
Black
Comment:
Transmitted light the smaller particles of coffinite-bearing material are pale brown to very dark brown on thin edges.
Hardness:
5 - 6 on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven, Sub-Conchoidal
Density:
5.1 g/cm3 (Measured)
Optical Data of Coffinite
Type:
Uniaxial (+/-)
RI values:
nα = 1.730 - 1.750 nβ = 1.730 - 1.750
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.000
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars.
Surface Relief:
Moderate
Pleochroism:
Visible
Comments:
Moderate; pale yellow-brown parallel to length, medium brown perdendicular to length.
Chemistry of Coffinite
Mindat Formula:
U(SiO4) · nH2O
Also given as (U4+,Th)(SiO4)1-x(OH)4x
Also given as (U4+,Th)(SiO4)1-x(OH)4x
Element Weights:
Elements listed:
Common Impurities:
Al,Fe,As,V,Pb
Crystallography of Coffinite
Crystal System:
Tetragonal
Class (H-M):
4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) - Ditetragonal Dipyramidal
Space Group:
I41/amd
Setting:
I41/amd
Cell Parameters:
a = 6.979 Å, c = 6.252 Å
Ratio:
a:c = 1 : 0.896
Unit Cell V:
304.51 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
4
Morphology:
Extremely fine grained to massive. In colloform or botryoidal incrustations, radially fibrous.
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0000083 | Coffinite | Fuchs L H, Gebert E (1958) X-ray studies of synthetic coffinite, thorite and uranothorites American Mineralogist 43 243-248 |  | 1958 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 3.48 Å | (100) |
| 4.64 Å | (95) |
| 2.636 Å | (95) |
| 1.803 Å | (70) |
| 2.789 Å | (45) |
| 1.849 Å | (35) |
| 1.738 Å | (35) |
Comments:
Synthetic. Natural material gives broad peaks or may be metamict.
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Near-surface Processes | |
| 23 : Subaerial aqueous alteration by non-redox-sensitive fluids (see also #47) | |
| Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere | <0.6 |
| 53 : Other minerals with taphonomic origins | <0.4 |
Geological Setting:
unoxidized uranium deposits
Type Occurrence of Coffinite
General Appearance of Type Material:
Fine grained. Often visually indistinguishable from uraninite.
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
The Natural History Museum, London, England, 1956,201; National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C., USA, 112646.
Geological Setting of Type Material:
Unoxidized uranium deposit. Replacements of organic material and as disseminations in sandstone.
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
Other Language Names for Coffinite
Varieties of Coffinite
| Zirconium- and Yttrium-bearing Coffinite | The ZrO2 and Y2O3 contents reach 13.8 and 3.4 wt.%, respectively (René, 2015). |
Relationship of Coffinite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of Zircon Group:
| Hafnon | Hf(SiO4) | Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : I41/amd |
| Reidite | Zr(SiO4) | Tet. 4/m : I41/a |
| Stetindite-(Ce) | Ce(SiO4) | Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : I41/amd |
| Thorite | Th(SiO4) | Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : I41/amd |
| Zircon | Zr(SiO4) | Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : I41/amd |
Forms a series with:
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
| 11 photos of Coffinite associated with Uraninite | UO2 |
| 5 photos of Coffinite associated with Uranophane | Ca(UO2)2(SiO3OH)2 · 5H2O |
| 4 photos of Coffinite associated with Eucairite | AgCuSe |
| 4 photos of Coffinite associated with Clausthalite | PbSe |
| 3 photos of Coffinite associated with Cleveite | UO2 |
| 3 photos of Coffinite associated with Pyrite | FeS2 |
| 3 photos of Coffinite associated with Sabatierite | TlCu6Se4 |
| 3 photos of Coffinite associated with Pitchblende | UO2 |
| 3 photos of Coffinite associated with Berzelianite | Cu2-xSe (x ≈ 0.12) |
| 3 photos of Coffinite associated with Tyuyamunite | Ca(UO2)2(VO4)2 · 5-8H2O |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 9.AD. | Adrianite | Ca12(Al4Mg3Si7)O32Cl6 |
| 9.AD.05 | Larnite | Ca2SiO4 |
| 9.AD.10 | Calcio-olivine | Ca2SiO4 |
| 9.AD.15 | Merwinite | Ca3Mg(SiO4)2 |
| 9.AD.20 | Bredigite | Ca7Mg(SiO4)4 |
| 9.AD.25 | Midbarite | Ca3Mg2(V2Si)O12 |
| 9.AD.25 | Menzerite-(Y) | (Y2Ca)Mg2(SiO4)3 |
| 9.AD.25 | Uvarovite | Ca3Cr2(SiO4)3 |
| 9.AD.25 | Eltyubyuite | Ca12Fe3+10Si4O32Cl6 |
| 9.AD.25 | Eringaite | Ca3Sc2(SiO4)3 |
| 9.AD.25 | Henritermierite | Ca3Mn3+2(SiO4)2[◻(OH)4] |
| 9.AD.25 va | Hydrougrandite | (Ca,Mg,Fe2+)3(Fe3+,Al)2[(OH)4(SiO4)2] |
| 9.AD.25 | Calderite | Mn2+3Fe3+2(SiO4)3 |
| 9.AD.25 | Nikmelnikovite | Ca12(Fe2+Fe3+3Al3◻)[SiO4]6[◻(OH)4]5◻4 |
| 9.AD.25 | Hutcheonite | Ca3Ti2(SiO4)(AlO4)2 |
| 9.AD.25 | Wadalite | (Ca,Mg)6(Al,Fe3+)4((Si,Al)O4)3O4Cl3 |
| 9.AD.25 | Rubinite | Ca3Ti3+2(SiO4)3 |
| 9.AD.25 | Kerimasite | Ca3Zr2(SiO4)(Fe3+O4)2 |
| 9.AD.25 | Holtstamite | Ca3Al2(SiO4)2[◻(OH)4] |
| 9.AD.25 | Spessartine | Mn2+3Al2(SiO4)3 |
| 9.AD.25 | Toturite | Ca3Sn2(SiO4)(Fe3+O4)2 |
| 9.AD.25 | Kimzeyite | Ca3Zr2(SiO4)(AlO4)2 |
| 9.AD.25 | Khoharite | Mg3Fe3+2(SiO4)3 |
| 9.AD.25 | Irinarassite | Ca3Sn2(SiO4)(AlO4)2 |
| 9.AD.25 | Knorringite | Mg3Cr2(SiO4)3 |
| 9.AD.25 | Goldmanite | Ca3V3+2(SiO4)3 |
| 9.AD.25 | Blythite | Mn2+3Mn3+2[SiO4]3 |
| 9.AD.25 | Skiagite | Fe2+3Fe3+2[SiO4]3 |
| 9.AD.25 | UM1984-37-SiO:CrMn | Mn2+3Cr3+2(SiO4)3 |
| 9.AD.25 | Almandine | Fe2+3Al2(SiO4)3 |
| 9.AD.25 va | Yamatoite | (Mn2+,Ca)3(V3+,Al)2(SiO4)3 |
| 9.AD.25 | Momoiite | Mn2+3V3+2(SiO4)3 |
| 9.AD.25 | Grossular | Ca3Al2(SiO4)3 |
| 9.AD.25 | Andradite | Ca3Fe3+2(SiO4)3 |
| 9.AD.25 | Morimotoite | Ca3(TiFe2+)(SiO4)3 |
| 9.AD.25 | Majorite | Mg3(MgSi)(SiO4)3 |
| 9.AD.25 | Pyrope | Mg3Al2(SiO4)3 |
| 9.AD.25 | Schorlomite | Ca3Ti2(SiO4)(Fe3+O4)2 |
| 9.AD.30 | Hafnon | Hf(SiO4) |
| 9.AD.30 | Zircon | Zr(SiO4) |
| 9.AD.30 | Thorite | Th(SiO4) |
| 9.AD.30 va | Auerlite | near Th(Si,P)O4 |
| 9.AD.30 | Stetindite-(Ce) | Ce(SiO4) |
| 9.AD.35 | Tombarthite-(Y) | Y4(Si,H4)4O12-x(OH)4+2x |
| 9.AD.35 | Huttonite | ThSiO4 |
| 9.AD.40 | Eulytine | Bi4(SiO4)3 |
| 9.AD.45 | Reidite | Zr(SiO4) |
| 9.AD.55 | Jeffbenite | Mg3Al2Si3O12 |
Radioactivity
Radioactivity:
| Element | % Content | Activity (Bq/kg) | Radiation Type |
|---|---|---|---|
| Uranium (U) | 68.3741% | 17,093,525 | α, β, γ |
| Thorium (Th) | 0.0000% | 0 | α, β, γ |
| Potassium (K) | 0.0000% | 0 | β, γ |
For comparison:
- Banana: ~15 Bq per fruit
- Granite: 1,000–3,000 Bq/kg
- EU exemption limit: 10,000 Bq/kg
Note: Risk is shown relative to daily recommended maximum exposure to non-background radiation of 1000 µSv/year. Note that natural background radiation averages around 2400 µSv/year so in reality these risks are probably extremely overstated! With infrequent handling and safe storage natural radioactive minerals do not usually pose much risk.
Interactive Simulator:
Note: The mass selector refers to the mass of radioactive mineral present, not the full specimen, also be aware that the matrix may also be radioactive, possibly more radioactive than this mineral!
Activity: –
| Distance | Dose rate | Risk |
|---|---|---|
| 1 cm | ||
| 10 cm | ||
| 1 m |
The external dose rate (D) from a radioactive mineral is estimated by summing the gamma radiation contributions from its Uranium, Thorium, and Potassium content, disregarding daughter-product which may have a significant effect in some cases (eg 'pitchblende'). This involves multiplying the activity (A, in Bq) of each element by its specific gamma ray constant (Γ), which accounts for its unique gamma emissions. The total unshielded dose at 1 cm is then scaled by the square of the distance (r, in cm) and multiplied by a shielding factor (μshield). This calculation provides a 'worst-case' or 'maximum risk' estimate because it assumes the sample is a point source and entirely neglects any self-shielding where radiation is absorbed within the mineral itself, meaning actual doses will typically be lower. The resulting dose rate (D) is expressed in microsieverts per hour (μSv/h).
D = ((AU × ΓU) + (ATh × ΓTh) + (AK × ΓK)) / r2 × μshield
Other Information
Notes:
Radioactive
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Industrial Uses:
uranium ore
Internet Links for Coffinite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-1106.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
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External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Coffinite
Reference List:
STIEFF, L. R., STERN, T. W., SHERWOOD, A. M. (1955) Preliminary Description of Coffinite-- a New Uranium Mineral. Science, 121 (3147). 608-609 doi:10.1126/science.121.3147.608-a
STIEFF, L. R., STERN, T. W., SHERWOOD, A. M. (1955) Preliminary Description of Coffinite-- a New Uranium Mineral. Science, 121 (3147). 608-609 doi:10.1126/science.121.3147.608-a
Stieff, L. R., Stern, T. W., Sherwood, A. M. (1956) Coffinite, a uranous silicate with hydroxyl substitution: a new mineral. American Mineralogist, 41 (9-10) 675-688
Ramdohr, Paul (1969) The Ore Minerals and their Intergrowths. Pergamon Press, Oxford. 1174pp. doi:10.1016/c2013-0-10027-x
Localities for Coffinite
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Argentina | |
| de Brodtkorb (1982) |
| Las Especies Minerales de La Republica ... |
| Victorio Angelelli (1958) |
| Raúl Jorge Tauber Larry |
| Kuchling et al. (2019) |
| Sureda |
Australia | |
| Schmid +2 other references |
| Kojan (1982) |
| Anenburg et al. (2018) |
| Paladin Energy (2015) |
| Ludwig et al. (1987) |
| Ludwig et al. (1987) | |
| Henry et al. (1999) | |
| Henry et al. (1999) | |
| Econ Geol (1987) +1 other reference | |
| Worldcat +3 other references |
| Andy Wilde et al. (2013) |
| Andy Wilde et al. (2013) +1 other reference | |
| Andy Wilde et al. (2013) +1 other reference | |
| Williams et al. (2005) +1 other reference |
| Domnick +2 other references |
| Brugger et al. (2006) |
| Mount Woods Inlier et al. (Honors thesis) +1 other reference |
| G.S. Teale and A.M. Brewer (2003) |
| Bampton et al. (2000) +1 other reference |
| Schlegel et al. (2015) |
| SA Geodata Database - Mineral Deposit ... +4 other references |
| Wuelser-Pierre-Alain +4 other references |
| PA Wulser / Alliance Resources Pty Ltd ... | |
| Ferguson (1999) |
| Douglas et al. (2011) |
| Douglas GB et al. (1993) | |
Austria | |
| Michael Waitzinger et al. (2021) |
| H. Meixner: Carinthia II 158./78.:96-101 (1968) | |
| Kolitsch et al. (2021) |
| Simova (1981) +1 other reference |
| Kolitsch (2023) |
| Auer (2020) |
| Arthofer et al. (2025) |
| Taucher (1993) |
| 54 (in German) +1 other reference |
Bolivia | |
| Salomon Rivas & Federico Ahlfeld (1998) |
Brazil | |
| Hadlich et al. (2024) +2 other references |
| Alcântara e Silva |
| Simova et al. (1984) +1 other reference |
| Baretto & Fujimori (1986) +1 other reference |
| Gomes et al. (2023) | |
| Mishra et al. (2024) |
Bulgaria | |
| Doinikova (2007) |
Cameroon | |
| Kouske et al. (2022) |
Canada | |
| Paul (1984) |
| Masau +3 other references |
| Wilson (1991) +1 other reference |
| Badham et al. (1980) |
| Badham et al. (1980) | |
| Badham et al. (1980) | |
| Normandeau et al. (2024) |
| Somarin et al. (2022) |
| Bailey (2017) | |
| RIEGLER et al. (2014) +1 other reference |
| Chi et al. (2017) |
| Jiricka (2013) |
| Econ Geol (1984) |
| Robertson (1976) |
| Sabina (1986) |
| Geol. Surv. Can.. Paper 77-1A +1 other reference |
| H.D. Meyn and M.K. Matthews (1980) |
| Parnell et al. (2018) |
| Potter et al. (2005) |
| Johan et al. (1987) |
| Alexandre et al. (2012) |
| www.ir.gov.sk.ca (2003) | |
| Rich et al. (1977) +1 other reference | |
| Leventhal et al. (1987) | |
| ... | |
| Maurice et al. (1983) +1 other reference | |
| www.mineralinfo.org (2008) +1 other reference | |
| Canadian Mineralogist Vol.26 (1988) | |
| Cloutier et al. (2009) | |
| Mark Hatton (2021) |
| Knipping (1974) | |
| Boulanger (2012) | |
| Watkinson et al. (1975) | |
| Dieng et al. (2015) |
| Dieng et al. (2015) | |
| Sabina (1972) |
| Can Min Vol. 29 (1991) +1 other reference |
| Olade et al. (1979) |
Chad | |
| Olivier et al. (2021) |
China | |
| Dahlkamp (2009) |
| Dahlkamp (2009) |
| Dahlkamp (2009) | |
| Diyun Chen et al. (1995) |
| Yu +9 other references |
| Chen et al. (2022) +2 other references |
| Qi et al. (2024) |
| Zhong et al. (2023) | |
| Dahlkamp (2009) |
| Dahlkamp (2009) | |
| Dahlkamp (2009) | |
| Dahlkamp (2009) | |
| Dahlkamp (2009) | |
| Dahlkamp (2009) | |
| Dahlkamp (2009) | |
| Dahlkamp (2009) +1 other reference | |
| Dahlkamp (2009) | |
| Dahlkamp (2009) | |
| Dahlkamp (2009) |
| Dahlkamp (2009) | |
| Dahlkamp (2009) | |
| Maozhong Min and Junqi Wu (1992) |
| Min (1995) |
| Dahlkamp (2009) |
| Maozhong Min et al. (1987) +1 other reference |
| Li et al. (2022) |
| Li et al. (2022) |
| MENG et al. (2010) |
| Chen et al. (2022) |
| Dahlkamp (2009) |
| Maozhong Min and Junqi Wu (1992) |
| Liu et al. (2023) |
| Ding et al. (2024) |
| Yingxia Xu et al. (2006) |
| Wei-Dong Xiang et al. (2006) +2 other references | |
| Liu et al. (2023) +1 other reference |
| Tian et al. (2023) |
| Tian et al. (2023) | |
| Qiu et al. (2022) +2 other references |
| Fan et al. (2024) | |
| Wei et al. (2019) |
| Dahlkamp (2009) +1 other reference |
| Tang et al. (2025) |
| Fei Shao et al. (2008) |
| Rengui Wu and Dagan Yu (2000) | |
| Dahlkamp (2009) +1 other reference | |
| Fei Shao et al. (2008) |
| Fei Shao et al. (2008) | |
| Fei Shao et al. (2008) | |
| Fei Shao et al. (2008) | |
| Rengui Wu and Dagan Yu (2000) |
| Fei Shao et al. (2008) +1 other reference | |
| Cao et al. (2024) |
| Gao et al. (2024) |
| Li et al. (2024) | |
| Dahlkamp (2009) +1 other reference |
| Yang et al. (2017) | |
| Yang et al. (2017) | |
| Maozhong Min et al. (2005) |
| Wu et al. (2019) |
| Dahlkamp (2009) |
| Dahlkamp (2009) | |
| Dahlkamp (2009) |
| Dahlkamp (2009) | |
| Dahlkamp (2009) |
| Hu et al. (2021) |
| Zhang et al. (2022) |
| Abudukeyumu et al. (2022) | |
| Huang et al. (2022) | |
| Zhangsheng Feng et al. (2013) +1 other reference |
| Yuan et al. (2019) +3 other references |
| Yuan et al. (2019) | |
| Zhang et al. (2022) |
| Hongbin Chen et al. (2006) |
| Yongrui Zhao and Yunqing Zhen (2006) |
| Yongrui Zhao and Yunqing Zhen (2006) | |
| Song et al. (2020) |
| Cheng et al. (2021) |
| He et al. (2024) |
| IAEA Technical Document 1396 (2004) +1 other reference |
| Liu |
| www.paper.edu.cn (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Zhao et al. (2022) +1 other reference | |
| Maozhong Min et al. (2005) | |
| Maozhong Min et al. (2005) +2 other references | |
| Ji et al. (2024) |
| Dahlkamp (2009) |
| Meixiang et al. (1987) | |
| Pin'an Wang (2001) | |
| Meixiang et al. (1987) | |
Czech Republic | |
| Sýkorová et al. (2016) |
| Pauliš P | |
| GOLIÁŠ (2002) |
| Pauliš P. et al. (Kutna Hora, issue 1) | |
| Dolníček et al. (2023) |
| Jirásek (2001) |
| Fiala |
| Lapis 2002 (7/8) |
| Sejkora et al. (2017) |
| Pauliš P. et al. (Kutna Hora, issue 1) |
| René (2018) |
| Scharm +7 other references |
| Sejkora (2016) |
| Pauliš et al. (2004) |
| Sejkora (1994) |
| Chládek |
| Fengl (2.) +1 other reference |
| Ordynec |
| René et al. (2017) |
| Pauliš P. et al. (Kutna Hora, issue 1) |
| Parma (1973) +3 other references |
| René (2015) +1 other reference |
| Sejkora et al. (2017) |
| Pauliš P. et al. (Kutna Hora, issue 1) +1 other reference |
| Pauliš P. et al. (Kutna Hora, issue 1) | |
| Šouba |
| Sejkora (1994) +1 other reference |
| DOLNÍČEK et al. (2023) +1 other reference |
| Pauliš P. et al. (Kutna Hora, issue 1) |
| Pauliš P. et al. (Kutna Hora, issue 1) |
| Pauliš P. et al. (Kutna Hora, issue 1) | |
| Mineralienwelt 1993 (1) +3 other references |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) | |
| Petr Pauliš | |
| Petr Pauliš | |
Egypt | |
| Ehab K. Abu Zeid (2020) |
| El-Naby (2009) | |
| Abd El-Naby (2009) | |
| Ali et al. (2021) | |
| Mouhareb (2017) | |
| Hussein et al. (1988) | |
| Bisher (2012) |
Finland | |
| Molnár et al. (2017) |
| en.gtk.fi (2010) |
| Pavel M. Kartashov SEM-EDS 2014. Jyrki ... |
| Laverov et al. (2008) |
France | |
| |
| P.-C. Guiollard (2002) |
| J.-J. Périchaud: "Où trouver les minéraux d'Auvergne" et al. (Clermont-Ferrand) | |
| |
| |
| De Ascenção Guedes et al. (2021) |
| De Ascençao Guedes (2000) | |
| De Ascençao Guedes et al. (2000) |
| De Ascençao Guedes (2000) | |
| - (1998) |
| OLLIC Pascal Collection +1 other reference |
| OLLIC Pascal Collection | |
| R. Pierrot |
| R. Pierrot |
| R. Pierrot | |
| - (1998) |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| - (1998) |
| Lièvre et al. (2002) |
| Lièvre et al. (2002) |
| Lièvre et al. (2002) |
| - (1998) |
| - (1998) |
| Minerallium Deposita (1984) +1 other reference |
| Econ Geol (1987) | |
| Econ Geol (1989) |
| R. Pierrot |
| - (1998) |
| - (1998) |
| Caubel (1997) |
| Bariand et al. (n.d.) |
Gabon | |
| MinMag 60:665 +5 other references |
| Janeczek (1999) |
| Lena Z. Evins +1 other reference | |
Germany | |
| Walenta (1996) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2019) |
| Scharrer et al. (2020) |
| Markl (1992) |
| Steen (2007) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Aufschluss 1987 (8/9) +1 other reference |
| DILL et al. (1986) +1 other reference |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Dill et al. (2012) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Dill & Weiser (1981) | |
| Dill et al. (2010) | |
| Nickel et al. (1985) |
| Nickel et al. (1985) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| N. Jb. Miner. Abh. 115 (1971) | |
| Aufschluss 69/ (7+8) +1 other reference |
| Rée et al. (1974) | |
| Rée et al. (1974) |
| Noll (1984) |
| Wittern (2001) | |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Förster et al. (2005) |
| Hajek (2010) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| René (2018) |
| Förster et al. (2005) | |
| Gröbner et al. (2007) +1 other reference |
| Witzke et al. (1998) |
| Witzke et al. (1998) |
Greece | |
| Pergamalis et al. (2010) |
| Vasilatos et al. (2023) |
| Vasilatos et al. (2023) | |
Greenland | |
| Petersen et al. (1993) |
Guyana | |
| Mishra et al. (2024) |
| Alexandre (2010) | |
Hungary | |
| Szakáll et al. (1996) |
| Szakáll et al. (1996) |
India | |
| www.dae.gov.in/ni/nijul03/cudapah.pdf. | |
| Verma et al. (2018) |
| Kalimuthu et al. (2023) |
| K.K. Dwivedy (1993) |
| Nanda et al. (2009) +1 other reference |
Iran | |
| Khoshnoodi et al. (2025) |
| Iranmanesh et al. (2018) |
Italy | |
| Gentile et al. (2023) |
| Wartmann et al. (1977) +1 other reference |
| Wartmann et al. (1977) +2 other references | |
Japan | |
| Shikazono et al. (1997) |
| Geology and Mineral Resources of Japan (Geological Survey of Japan, 1960) +1 other reference |
| Matsueda (1980) |
| Muto (1962) +1 other reference |
Kazakhstan | |
| Dahlkamp (2009) |
| Dahlkamp (2009) |
| Dahlkamp (2009) | |
| Dahlkamp (2009) | |
| Dahlkamp (2009) | |
| Dahlkamp (2009) |
| Dahlkamp (2009) | |
| Dahlkamp (2009) | |
| www.uranium1.com (2011) |
| Dahlkamp (2009) |
| Dahlkamp (2009) | |
| Doinikova (2007) | |
| Dahlkamp (2009) |
| Dahlkamp (2009) | |
| Dahlkamp (2009) | |
| Dahlkamp (2009) |
| Dahlkamp (2009) |
| www.uranium1.com (2011) | |
| www.uranium1.com (2011) | |
| Dahlkamp (2009) | |
Malawi | |
| Becker |
Mali | |
| Randabel et al. (2018) |
Mongolia | |
| Rallakis +4 other references |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
Morocco | |
| Bouabdellah et al. (2022) |
Namibia | |
| Bannerman Resources (2015) |
| Xu et al. (2025) | |
| Irene M. Abraham (2009) | |
| Baturin et al. (2003) | |
New Zealand | |
| Railton et al. (1990) |
Niger | |
| Mining Annual Review:1985:449. +2 other references |
| Mining Annual Review (1985) +1 other reference | |
| Mamadou et al. (2022) | |
| Mamadou et al. (2022) | |
| www.cnncintl.com (2015) |
| Randabel et al. (2018) | |
Nigeria | |
| www.smenet.org (2001) |
| Tsang et al. (2018) |
North Macedonia | |
| Đorđević et al. (2017) |
Norway | |
| Budzyń et al. (2023) |
| Hansen (2001) +1 other reference |
| Yoklavich (2010) |
| Svein (1988) |
Pakistan | |
| Alia et al. (2018) |
Peru | |
| Li (2016) |
Poland | |
| Salamon W. |
| Mochnacka K. 1966: Minerały kruszcowe złoża polimetalicznego w Kowarach (Dolny Śląsk) +1 other reference |
| Mochnacka et al. (2012) +1 other reference | |
| Kucha H. 2007: Mineralogia kruszcowa i ... +1 other reference |
| Salamon W. | |
| Kucha (2021) |
| Salamon W. +1 other reference | |
| Miecznik et al. (2011) |
Portugal | |
| Alves (n.d.) |
| Alves (n.d.) |
Romania | |
| Zajzon et al. (2015) |
| Hîrtopanu P. et al. (2004) |
Russia | |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| ... |
| Kovalev et al. (2017) |
| - (2004) +1 other reference |
| - (2009) | |
| Kondrat'eva et al. (2004) +1 other reference |
| Barkov et al. (2021) |
| Solodov et al. (2006) +1 other reference |
| Koval et al. (2019) |
| Chernikov et al. (2007) |
| Kailachakov et al. (2020) |
| Seltmann et al. (2010) |
| Doroshkevich et al. (2016) |
| Mashkovtsev et al. (2010) |
| Aleshin et al. (2007) |
| Chernyshev et al. (2019) | |
Slovakia | |
| |
| Ondrejka et al. (2020) |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Grecula (1995) |
| Števko et al. (2014) |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Kaličiak |
| Koděra | |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Koděra (1986) | |
Slovenia | |
| Dolenec (1995) +1 other reference |
South Africa | |
| D. Pienaar. (2014) |
| R. Liferovich -L. Horváth p.c. 2004 |
| Econ Geol (1985) +1 other reference |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) | |
South Korea | |
| 조남후 et al. (2013) +1 other reference |
Spain | |
| www.foro-minerales.com (2020) |
| Dill et al. (2023) |
| Laverov et al. (2008) |
| Econ Geol (1994) |
| Joan Rosell (2021) |
| Col. Agustin Agudo Espinosa. |
| www.foro-minerales.com (n.d.) |
| www.foro-minerales.com (n.d.) | |
| www.foro-minerales.com (n.d.) |
Sweden | |
| Stuckless et al. (1984) |
| Fullerton (2014) |
Switzerland | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Beda Hofmann (1986) |
| EDXS results |
| Ansermet (2012) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) +1 other reference |
| Meisser (2012) |
| Meisser (2012) |
| Brugger et al. (2003) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Meisser (2012) | |
| Meisser (2012) |
UK | |
| Mineralogical Magazine 1965 34 : ... |
| Taylor et al. (1958) +3 other references |
| Mineralogical Magazine 1965 34 : ... +1 other reference |
| Darnley et al. (1965) | |
| Mineralogical Magazine 1965 34 (1965) +1 other reference |
| Render (n.d.) |
| Brian Craik-Smith collection +2 other references | |
| Render (n.d.) |
| Mineralogical Magazine 1965 34 : ... +3 other references |
| Day (1999) |
| Parnell (1988) |
| Parnell et al. (2016) |
Ukraine | |
| Dudar et al. (2018) |
| Cuney et al. (2012) |
| Dudar et al. (2018) | |
| Mishra et al. (2024) | |
| Dudar et al. (2018) | |
| Dudar et al. (2018) | |
| Cuney et al. (2012) | |
| O.F.Makivchuk et al. (2006) |
| Dudar et al. (2018) |
USA | |
| - (2008) |
| - (2008) |
| Weeks et al. (1955) +4 other references |
| Young (1964) +1 other reference | |
| Galbraith (1959) +1 other reference |
| Bollin et al. (1958) |
| Scarborough (1981) |
| Bollin & Kerr (1958) +1 other reference | |
| Anthony et al. (1995) | |
| Scarborough (1981) | |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Granger (1959) +2 other references |
| Galbraith (1959) | |
| Weinrich et al. (1989) +1 other reference |
| Evensen (1958) +1 other reference |
| Scarborough (1981) |
| Frondel (1958) +2 other references | |
| Troxel et al. (1962) +2 other references |
| - (2005) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Moench et al. (1966) +1 other reference |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| USGS Open-File Report 79-1615 | |
| USGS Open-File Report 83-417 +1 other reference | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| - (2005) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| - (2005) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
| Luc Vandenberghe collection | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Garrels et al. (1959) |
| Weeks et al. (1964) | |
| Eric Quinter collection | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| USGS Prof Paper 320 |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| USGS Bull 1042F +1 other reference | |
| USGS Prof Paper 320 | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| - (2005) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| - (2005) |
| USGS Bull 1797 +1 other reference | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Amended Technical Report on Energy ... |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Min News (1987) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Gray 1982 |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) | |
| GEOLOGY AND DISCOVERY OF THE CROW BUTTE ... |
| - (2005) |
| Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology NBMG ... +1 other reference |
| NBMG files No. 50600003 | |
| Garside NBMG Bull 81 (1973) +1 other reference |
| J.V. Tingley and J. Quade (1986) |
| Weeks et al. (1964) +1 other reference |
| - (2005) |
| NMBMMR Memoir 15 Geology and Technology ... +1 other reference |
| - (2005) | |
| NMBMMR Memoir 38 Geology and Technology ... +1 other reference | |
| Moench et al. (1967) | |
| Moench et al. (1967) | |
| Kittel (1966) +2 other references | |
| Moench +1 other reference | |
| NMBMMR Memoir 15 Geology and Technology ... +5 other references | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| NMBMMR Memoir 15 Geology and Technology ... +1 other reference |
| - (2005) | |
| NMBMMR Memoir 15 Geology and Technology ... +1 other reference | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Kittel (1966) | |
| NMBMMR Memoir 15 Geology and Technology ... +1 other reference | |
| NMBMMR Memoir 15 Geology and Technology ... +1 other reference | |
| NMBMMR Memoir 15 Geology and Technology ... | |
| NMBMMR Memoir 38 Geology and Technology ... | |
| - (2005) | |
| NMBMMR Memoir 15 Geology and Technology ... |
| NMBMMR Memoir 38 Geology and Technology ... +4 other references | |
| NMBMMR Memoir 15 Geology and Technology ... +1 other reference | |
| - (2005) | |
| NMBMMR Memoir 15 Geology and Technology ... | |
| NMBMMR Memoir 15 Geology and Technology ... +1 other reference | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| NMBMMR Memoir 15 Geology and Technology ... | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| NMBMMR Memoir 15 Geology and Technology ... | |
| - (2005) | |
| NMBMMR Memoir 38 Geology and Technology ... +1 other reference | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) | |
| M. Hassan Alief (2009) | |
| - (2005) | |
| NMBMMR Memoir 38 Geology and Technology ... +1 other reference | |
| - (2005) | |
| Chico et al. (1959) +2 other references | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| NMBMMR Memoir 38 Geology and Technology ... +2 other references | |
| - (2005) | |
| NMBMMR Memoir 15 Geology and Technology ... | |
| NMBMMR Memoir 38 Geology and Technology ... | |
| NMBMMR Memoir 38 Geology and Technology ... |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| NMBMMR Memoir 38 Geology and Technology ... | |
| NMBMMR Memoir 15 Geology and Technology ... | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| NMBMMR Memoir 38 Geology and Technology ... |
| Elston (1968) |
| - (2005) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) +1 other reference | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| - (1989) +2 other references | |
| www.nysam.org |
| Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology NBMG ... +1 other reference |
| Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology NBMG ... +1 other reference |
| Smith et al. (May) +2 other references |
| Speer (1987) |
| Speer (1987) | |
| Speer (1987) | |
| USGS Bull 1063D +1 other reference |
| USGS Bull 1063D +2 other references | |
| U.S Geological Survey +1 other reference |
| - (2005) |
| Am. Min. 74:865-869 (1989) |
| Am Min 72:1122-1130 +1 other reference | |
| Cherepon +1 other reference |
| Don & Cookie Saathoff collection | |
| MINERALS OF THE KARNES URANIUM ... | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
| Smith (1991) | |
| Bomber et al. (1986) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Bomber et al. (1986) | |
| Bomber et al. (1986) |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Barton et al. (2018) | |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Young et al. (1960) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Bullock (1981) |
| - (2005) | |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
| Bull. Minéral. |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) | |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
| Cunningham et al. (1998) |
| Bull. Minéral. |
| - (2005) |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Jones et al. (UMOS) | |
| Canadian Mineralogist (2001) +1 other reference | |
| Carter et al. (1965) +2 other references | |
| Bullock (1981) +1 other reference | |
| Page et al. (1956) +2 other references | |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Page et al. (1956) +3 other references | |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Huff et al. (1962) | |
| Olds et al. (2023) |
| - (2005) |
| Douglas L. Beahm and Andrew C. Anderson (2008) | |
| JL Jerden Jr (2001) +2 other references |
| George E. Becraft and Paul L. Weis (1963) +1 other reference |
| USGS Open File Report 81-1666 +4 other references | |
| Derkey et al. (1990, November) | |
| Cannon (1975) |
| Hausel et al. (2001) |
| - (2005) |
| Hausel et al. (2001) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Hausel et al. (2001) |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Econ Geol (1980) | |
| Sumaila (2017) |
| - (2005) | |
| Hausel et al. (2001) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Hausel et al. (2001) +1 other reference |
| USGS Bull 1127 +1 other reference |
| USGS Bull 1082J | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
| Hausel et al. (2001) | |
| - (2005) |
| Eric Quinter collection (former Richard Gaines collection) | |
| Econ Geol (1980) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Page et al. (1956) +5 other references | |
| - (2005) |
| Hausel et al. (2001) | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
| Hausel et al. (2001) | |
Uzbekistan | |
| Solodov et al. (2001) |
| Kempe et al. (2015) |
Zambia | |
| Cox et al. (2003) |
| USGS Open File Report 81-1666 | |
| Randabel et al. (2018) |
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Jackpile Mine, Laguna subdistrict, Cibola County, New Mexico, USA