Tetradymite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Tetradymite
Formula:
Bi2Te2S
Sulfur-rich tetradymite appears more chemically stable than stoichiometric Bi2Te2S, and the formula Bi14Te13S8 given by Pauling (1975) appears valid for most examples of natural tetradymite (Cook et al., 2007).
Colour:
Bright steel-gray, tin-white, tarnishes iridescent to dull
Lustre:
Metallic, Dull
Hardness:
1½ - 2
Specific Gravity:
7.3
Crystal System:
Trigonal
Member of:
Name:
From Greek "tetra", four, and a contraction of "didymos", twin, alluding to its usual occurrence as fourling twins.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
3921
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:3921:1
IMA Classification of Tetradymite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
Classification of Tetradymite
2.DC.05
2 : SULFIDES and SULFOSALTS (sulfides, selenides, tellurides; arsenides, antimonides, bismuthides; sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites, etc.)
D : Metal Sulfides, M: S = 3 :4 and 2:3
C : Variable M:S
2 : SULFIDES and SULFOSALTS (sulfides, selenides, tellurides; arsenides, antimonides, bismuthides; sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites, etc.)
D : Metal Sulfides, M: S = 3 :4 and 2:3
C : Variable M:S
2.11.7.1
2 : SULFIDES
11 : AmBnXp, with (m+n):p = 2:3
2 : SULFIDES
11 : AmBnXp, with (m+n):p = 2:3
3.7.29
3 : Sulphides, Selenides, Tellurides, Arsenides and Bismuthides (except the arsenides, antimonides and bismuthides of Cu, Ag and Au, which are included in Section 1)
7 : Sulphides etc. of V, As, Sb and Bi
3 : Sulphides, Selenides, Tellurides, Arsenides and Bismuthides (except the arsenides, antimonides and bismuthides of Cu, Ag and Au, which are included in Section 1)
7 : Sulphides etc. of V, As, Sb and Bi
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Ttd | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Ttd | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Physical Properties of Tetradymite
Metallic, Dull
Transparency:
Opaque
Colour:
Bright steel-gray, tin-white, tarnishes iridescent to dull
Streak:
Pale steel-gray
Hardness:
1½ - 2 on Mohs scale
Hardness:
VHN25=30 - 44 kg/mm2 - Vickers
Tenacity:
Flexible
Cleavage:
Perfect
On {0001}
On {0001}
Density:
7.3 g/cm3 (Measured) 7.271 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Tetradymite
Anisotropism:
Weak
Reflectivity:
| Wavelength | R1 (%) | R2 (%) |
|---|---|---|
| 400nm | 51.9% | 56.8% |
| 440nm | 52.0% | 57.0% |
| 480nm | 52.4% | 58.2% |
| 520nm | 53.9% | 59.9% |
| 560nm | 55.1% | 60.5% |
| 600nm | 55.2% | 60.3% |
| 600nm | 54.8% | 60.1% |
| 680nm | 54.2% | 59.8% |
| 700nm | 54.0% | 59.7% |
Graph shows reflectance levels at different wavelengths (in nm). Peak reflectance is 60.5%.
R1 shown in black, R2 shown in red
Colour in reflected light:
White
Chemistry of Tetradymite
Mindat Formula:
Bi2Te2S
Sulfur-rich tetradymite appears more chemically stable than stoichiometric Bi2Te2S, and the formula Bi14Te13S8 given by Pauling (1975) appears valid for most examples of natural tetradymite (Cook et al., 2007).
Sulfur-rich tetradymite appears more chemically stable than stoichiometric Bi2Te2S, and the formula Bi14Te13S8 given by Pauling (1975) appears valid for most examples of natural tetradymite (Cook et al., 2007).
Element Weights:
Elements listed:
Common Impurities:
Se,Au,Cu,Pb
Crystallography of Tetradymite
Crystal System:
Trigonal
Class (H-M):
3m (3 2/m) - Hexagonal Scalenohedral
Space Group:
R3m
Cell Parameters:
a = 4.23 Å, c = 29.58 Å
Ratio:
a:c = 1 : 6.993
Unit Cell V:
458.36 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Twinning:
Fourlings with twin plane {01.8}, also {01.5}
Crystallographic forms of Tetradymite
Crystal Atlas:
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Tetradymite - {012}, {001}, {101}
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Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0000474 | Tetradymite | Pauling L (1975) The formula, structure, and chemical bonding of tetradymite, Bi14Te13S8, and the Phase Bi14Te15S6 cell parameters were computed from those provided in the rhombohedral setting American Mineralogist 60 994-997 |  | 1975 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0010544 | Tetradymite | Harker D (1934) The crystal structure of the mineral tetradymite, Bi2Te2S Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 89 175-181 | | 1934 | Hungary | 0 | 293 |
| 0018035 | Tetradymite | Harker D (1934) The crystal structure of the mineral tetradymite, Bi2 Te2 S _cod_database_code 1011150 Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 89 175-181 | | 1934 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0014689 | Tetradymite | Lange P W (1939) Ein Vergleich zwischen Bi2Te3 und Bi2Te2S Naturwissenschaften 27 133-134 | 1939 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 3.10 Å | (100) |
| 2.292 Å | (100) |
| 2.111 Å | (75) |
| 1.965 Å | (75) |
| 1.929 Å | (75) |
| 1.638 Å | (75b) |
| 1.348 Å | (75) |
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Near-surface Processes | |
| 23 : Subaerial aqueous alteration by non-redox-sensitive fluids (see also #47) | |
| High-𝑇 alteration and/or metamorphism | |
| 31 : Thermally altered carbonate, phosphate, and iron formations | |
| 33 : Minerals deposited by hydrothermal metal-rich fluids (see also [#12]) |
Type Occurrence of Tetradymite
Synonyms of Tetradymite
Other Language Names for Tetradymite
Relationship of Tetradymite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of Tetradymite Group:
| Baksanite | Bi6Te2S3 | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : P3m1 |
| Ehrigite | Bi8Te3 | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m |
| Hedleyite | Bi7Te3 | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m |
| Ikunolite | Bi4S3 | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m |
| Ingodite | Bi2TeS | Trig. |
| Joséite-A | Bi4TeS2 | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m |
| Joséite-B | Bi4Te2S | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m |
| Kawazulite | Bi2Te2Se | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m |
| Laitakarite | Bi4(Se,S)3 | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m |
| Paraguanajuatite | Bi2Se3 | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m |
| Pilsenite | Bi4Te3 | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m |
| Skippenite | Bi2TeSe2 | Trig. |
| Sulphotsumoite | Bi3Te2S | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : P3 1m |
| Tellurantimony | Sb2Te3 | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m |
| Tellurobismuthite | Bi2Te3 | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m |
| Telluronevskite | Bi3TeSe2 | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : P3m1 |
| Tsumoite | BiTe | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : P3 1m |
| Vihorlatite | Bi24Se17Te4 | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : P3m1 |
| Zipserite | Bi5S4 | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m |
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
| 63 photos of Tetradymite associated with Native Gold | Au |
| 40 photos of Tetradymite associated with Chalcopyrite | CuFeS2 |
| 38 photos of Tetradymite associated with Bismuthinite | Bi2S3 |
| 32 photos of Tetradymite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 26 photos of Tetradymite associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
| 15 photos of Tetradymite associated with Yecoraite | Fe3+3Bi5(Te6+O4)2(Te4+O3)O9 · 9H2O |
| 8 photos of Tetradymite associated with Pyrite | FeS2 |
| 8 photos of Tetradymite associated with Tellurobismuthite | Bi2Te3 |
| 5 photos of Tetradymite associated with Joséite-B | Bi4Te2S |
| 4 photos of Tetradymite associated with Cosalite | Pb2Bi2S5 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 2.DC.05 | Laitakarite | Bi4(Se,S)3 |
| 2.DC.05 | Paraguanajuatite | Bi2Se3 |
| 2.DC.05 | Telluronevskite | Bi3TeSe2 |
| 2.DC.05 | Hedleyite | Bi7Te3 |
| 2.DC.05 | Hitachiite | Pb5Bi2Te2S6 |
| 2.DC.05 | Tellurantimony | Sb2Te3 |
| 2.DC.05 | Joséite | Bi4TeS2 |
| 2.DC.05 | Tellurobismuthite | Bi2Te3 |
| 2.DC.05 | Joséite-A | Bi4TeS2 |
| 2.DC.05 | Joséite-B | Bi4Te2S |
| 2.DC.05 | Nevskite | Bi(Se,S) |
| 2.DC.05 | Protojoséite | Bi3(Te,S)2 |
| 2.DC.05 | Skippenite | Bi2TeSe2 |
| 2.DC.05 | Kawazulite | Bi2Te2Se |
| 2.DC.05 | UM1983-09-S:BiPbTe | PbBi3S2Te |
| 2.DC.05 | Pilsenite | Bi4Te3 |
| 2.DC.05 | Sztrókayite | Bi3TeS2 |
| 2.DC.05 | Baksanite | Bi6Te2S3 |
| 2.DC.05 | Joséite-C | Bi16Te3S9 |
| 2.DC.05 | Vihorlatite | Bi24Se17Te4 |
| 2.DC.05 | Tsumoite | BiTe |
| 2.DC.05 | Ikunolite | Bi4S3 |
| 2.DC.05 | Ehrigite | Bi8Te3 |
| 2.DC.05 | Ingodite | Bi2TeS |
| 2.DC.05 | Sulphotsumoite | Bi3Te2S |
| 2.DC.15 | Castaingite | CuMo2S5 |
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Tetradymite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-3921.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
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References for Tetradymite
Reference List:
Haidinger, W. (1831) Ueber das Tellur-Wismuth von Schemnitz. Annalen der Physik und Chemie, 97. 595-600 doi:10.1002/andp.18310970410
Shannon, Earl V. (1925) Tetradymite from the Hailey Quadrangle, Idaho. American Mineralogist, 10 (8) 198-199
Short, M. N., Henderson, E. P. (1926) Tetradymite from Hachita, New Mexico. American Mineralogist, 11 (11) 316-317
Harker, David (1934) The Crystal Structure of the Mineral Tetradymite, Bi2Te2S. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie - Crystalline Materials, 89 (1) 175-181 doi:10.1524/zkri.1934.89.1.175
Webb, Robert W. (1935) Tetradymite from Inyo Mountains, California. American Mineralogist, 20 (5) 399-400
Lange, Paul W. (1939) Ein Vergleich zwischen Bi2Te3 und Bi2Te2S. Die Naturwissenschaften, 27 (8). 133-134 doi:10.1007/bf01490284
Glatz, Alfred C. (1967) The Bi2Te3-Bi2S3 system and the synthesis of the mineral tetradymite. American Mineralogist, 52 (1-2) 161-170
Sarkar, S. C., Deb, M. (1969) Tetradymite and wehrlite from Singhbhum Copper-Belt, India. Mineralogical Magazine, 37 (287) 423-425 doi:10.1180/minmag.1969.037.287.16
Localities for Tetradymite
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Afghanistan | |
| Stephen G. Peters et al. (2011) +1 other reference |
Algeria | |
| Aouli Essaid (2015) |
Argentina | |
| Brodtkorb (2002) +3 other references |
| Sureda et al. (2010) |
| Dina (1993) |
| Cerny et al. (2003) | |
| Brodtkorb (2002) +2 other references |
| Paar et al. (2000) |
| Brodtkorb (2002) |
| De Brodtkorb (2009) |
| Marquez-Zavalia et al. (2012) |
| Brodtkorb (2002) +2 other references |
| Zwahlen et al. (2014) |
| Testa et al. (2018) |
Armenia | |
| Harris et al. (1973) +1 other reference |
| Kolpakova et al. (2001) +2 other references |
| Mederer et al. (2019) |
Atlantic Ocean | |
| Firstova et al. (2019) |
Australia | |
| Hooke (1971) +1 other reference |
| Degeling (1982) |
| Lawrence et al. (1998) |
| David (1890) |
| Gilligan (1975) |
| Palache et al. (1951) | |
| Gilligan et al. (1995) |
| Gilligan (1975) |
| Graham-Ruzicka (2014) |
| E. Stevens & R. Bottrill | |
| part of list University of Queensland |
| Qld Dept of Mines +1 other reference |
| Henry et al. (2022) |
| Maitland (1919) |
| Kalleske (2010) |
| Palache et al. (1944) |
| Simon (2019) |
| Xue et al. (2014) |
| - (2016) +3 other references |
| Ferguson (1999) |
| Ferguson (1999) | |
| Ogilvie (2014) |
| Mueller +3 other references |
| Simpson (1948) | |
| Simpson (1948) | |
| Sung et al. (2007) +2 other references |
| Grguric et al. (2006) |
| Grguric et al. (2006) | |
| Simpson (1948) |
| Simpson (1952) | |
| Simpson (1952) |
| Hassan (2014) |
Austria | |
| Auer (2019) |
| W. Günther et al. (Salzburg, Munich) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Walter (2018) | |
| Paar et al. (2019) | |
| - (n.d.) | |
| Pichler (2009) | |
| Kofler (2000) | |
| Paar et al. (1998) | |
| Indra |
| Paar et al. (1982) +1 other reference |
| |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Exel (1993) |
| Pichler (2009) |
| Pichler (2009) | |
| F. Walter et al. (1998) | |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Pichler (2009) |
| Kolitsch (2019) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Auer (2021) | |
| PUTZ (2010) |
| Makovicky et al. (2010) |
| Putz +4 other references |
| Exel (1993) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Gerhard Feitzinger & Albert Strasser (1995) | |
| Strasser (1989) +3 other references |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) | |
| Strasser (1989) | |
| Strasser (1989) | |
| Gerald Gesselbauer (2010) |
Azerbaijan | |
| Int J Econ & Environ Geology Vol 1 (2) +1 other reference |
| Mansurov et al. (2018) |
Belgium | |
| Van Wambeke (1954) +4 other references |
Bolivia | |
| Ahlfeld et al. (1964) +1 other reference |
| Gordon (1946) |
| Salomon Rivas y Federico Ahlfeld (1998) |
| Ahlfeld et al. (1964) |
Brazil | |
| Jost et al. (2001) |
| Oberthür et al. (2008) |
| Souza et al. (2024) |
Bulgaria | |
| Cook et al. (2002) +1 other reference |
| Cook et al. (2002) |
| Singer et al. (2008) | |
| Cook et al. (2002) |
| Kerestedjian (1997) |
| Bogdanov et al. (1997) +2 other references |
| Singer et al. (2008) | |
| Tsonev et al. (Eds.) +3 other references |
| Lips (2006) |
| Singer et al. (2008) | |
| Dobrev |
| Dobrev | |
| Terziev (1966) +1 other reference |
| Lips (2006) | |
| Bogdanov et al. (2005) |
Canada | |
| albite alunite andalusite andesine ... |
| Peatfield (n.d.) |
| Peatfield (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Hora et al. (2006) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Montgomery (n.d.) |
| Thompson (1949) |
| Anthony et al. (1990) +1 other reference |
| Matsen et al. (not available online) +1 other reference |
| G E Ray et al. (1983) +2 other references |
| - (n.d.) |
| Anthony et al. (1990) |
| Harris et al. (1968) |
| Montgomery (n.d.) |
| - (n.d.) |
| Anthony et al. (1990) +1 other reference |
| Sabina (1972) |
| Richardson et al. (1996) |
| Wehrle et al. (2023) |
| Wehrle et al. (2023) | |
| Wood |
| Ames et al. (2003) |
| Ames et al. (2003) | |
| Ames et al. (2003) |
| Hawley et al. (1962) +1 other reference | |
| Ames et al. (2003) |
| Ames et al. (2007) +2 other references |
| Kjarsgaard et al. (2010, June) | |
| Woodside (n.d.) |
| Sabina (1991) |
| Traill (1983) |
| 157-158. +1 other reference |
| Sabina (2003) |
| Geological Survey of Canada +2 other references | |
| Sabina (1974) | |
| Sabina (2003) |
| Sabina (2003) +1 other reference |
| Dana 7:I:163. | |
| Sabina (2003) |
| Sabina (2003) | |
| Sabina (2003) +1 other reference |
| Sabina (2003) | |
| Sabina (2003) +1 other reference | |
| Sabina (2003) +1 other reference | |
| Sabina (2003) +1 other reference | |
| Sabina (2003) +1 other reference | |
| Economic Geology August 1 +1 other reference | |
| Sabina (1974) |
| Dana 7:I:163. | |
| Am Min (1948) | |
| Sabina (2003) |
| Beaudin et al. (2024) |
| Beaudin et al. (2024) | |
| Beaudin et al. (2024) | |
| Peatfield (n.d.) |
| Barkov et al. (2008) |
| obtained from E.M. Gunnell | |
| King et al. (1993) |
Chile | |
| HENLEY et al. (2011) +1 other reference |
China | |
| Yi Li and Youbin Liang (1993) |
| Junwu Lu and Yuanfa Xia (2001) |
| Zhao et al. (1999) |
| Xiong et al. (2022) +1 other reference |
| Renzu Ning et al. (1981) |
| Gritsenko et al. (2022) |
| Gritsenko et al. (2022) |
| Jianguo Yang et al. (2002) |
| Jingwen Mao et al. (1999) |
| Zhenru Zhang et al. (1987) |
| Yi Li (2001) |
| Bingjie Wei et al. (1986) |
| Guo et al. (2024) |
| Fenglian Nie et al. (2003) |
| Wang et al. (2019) |
| Gao et al. (2015) | |
| Wang et al. (2025) | |
| Zhang et al. (2024) |
| Zhang et al. (2024) | |
| Xu et al. (2022) |
| Shihua Li and Jinzhong Qi (2000) +1 other reference |
| Wang et al. (2024) | |
| Jingwen Mao et al. (2002) | |
| 王鹏 et al. (2016) | |
| Wanzhong Li (2011) | |
| Jian et al. (2015) +3 other references |
| Huishou Ye et al. (2003) | |
| Zhenkuan Luo et al. (1992) +3 other references |
| Liu et al. (2019) |
| Zhao et al. (1999) |
| Zhao et al. (1999) +1 other reference | |
| Han et al. (2020) |
| Han et al. (2020) | |
| Zhao et al. (1999) | |
| Guo et al. (2023) |
| Minyun Sun et al. (1985) +2 other references |
| Yihong Sun and Xiangmei Ren (1986) |
| Chen et al. (2022) |
| Feng Yuan et al. (2012) |
| Xiangping et al. (2001) |
| Xia Ai and Zengyi Chen (1993) |
| Yingchen Ren (1986) +2 other references |
| Zhenru Zhang et al. (1987) |
| Guo et al. (2023) |
| Zongyao et al. (2005) |
| Minzhi Yang (2006) |
| Minzhi Yang (2006) | |
| Minzhi Yang (2006) | |
| Chengde Kang (1990) |
| Shangquan Wu (1986) |
| Liyan Zhang (1985) |
| Matsuda (1969) |
| Kai Zhang and Yongdong Shi (2000) |
| Jinhua Hao et al. (2010) |
| Wang et al. (2023) |
| Qiu et al. (2009) |
| Enkui Cao (1991) |
| Pengyun Zhao et al. (2007) |
| Laijun Wang (2001) +1 other reference |
| Yuan Cong et al. (2005) +1 other reference |
| Xiaofei Yu et al. (2007) |
| Yuan et al. (2025) | |
| Chai et al. (2017) |
| Zhimin Cao (1991) |
| Xia et al. (2021) |
| Yuchuan Chen et al. (1994) +5 other references |
| Yanguo Teng et al. (2000) +1 other reference | |
| Lijuan Ying et al. (2010) +1 other reference |
| Xu et al. (2024) | |
| Huixia Song et al. (2007) +1 other reference |
| Zhou et al. (2018) |
| Zhou et al. (2016) +1 other reference |
| Liu et al. (2023) |
| Ru et al. (2025) |
| Mao et al. (2024) | |
Czech Republic | |
| Lapis 2000 (4) |
| Lapis 2000 (4) |
| Sejkora et al. (2012) |
| Zachariáš et al. (1997) |
| Litochleb |
| Litochleb et al. (střední Čechy) |
| Litochleb et al. (2011) | |
| Šrein +5 other references | |
| Pauliš et al. (2012) |
| Litochleb |
| C.Auer (2014) | |
| Sejkora et al. (2022) | |
| Zachariáš et al. (2014) |
| Mrázek |
| Litochleb et al. (střední Čechy) |
| Lapis 2002 (7/8) |
| Fojt +1 other reference |
| Malec et al. (2013) |
| Litochleb (jz. Čechy) +1 other reference |
| Zachariáš et al. (2009) |
| Litochleb J.: Zlatonosné žíly v ... |
Djibouti | |
| Moussa et al. (2019) |
DR Congo | |
| Deliens (1996) |
Ecuador | |
| I. Vikentyev et al. (2005) |
Finland | |
| Epigenetic gold occurrence in a Paleoproterozoic meta-evaporitic sequence in the Rompas-Rajapalot Au system et al. (1) +1 other reference |
| Kinnunen |
| www.gsf.fi (2001) +1 other reference |
France | |
| |
| PIERROT R. (1971) | |
| R. Pierrot | |
| PIERROT R. (1971) | |
| R. Pierrot |
| R. Pierrot | |
| R. Pierrot | |
| R. Pierrot | |
| R. Pierrot | |
| R. Pierrot | |
| R. Pierrot |
| R. Pierrot | |
| R. Pierrot | |
| Pélisson (1989) |
| Pélisson (1989) |
| Cesbron et al. (1985) +1 other reference |
| Chauris (2014) |
| De Ascençao Guedes et al. (2001) |
| Chauris (2014) |
| Lheur et al. (2011) |
| Wittern et al. (1997) |
| Maurizot et al. (2020) |
| C. Derré |
| [R. Pierrot |
| A.LANDEL ET AL. (1970) |
| R. Pierrot |
Georgia | |
| Ramaz Migineishvili (2005) |
Germany | |
| Habel (2009) |
Greece | |
| Leleu et al. (1973) |
| Leleu et al. (1973) +1 other reference | |
| Kolitsch et al. (2015) +1 other reference | |
| Voudouris et al. (2018) |
| Voudouris et al. (2011) | |
| Fornadel et al. (2011) |
| Fornadel et al. (2011) | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Voudouris +4 other references | |
| Voudouris et al. (2018, July) | |
| Vavelidis et al. (1995) |
| Fitros et al. (2017) +1 other reference |
Guyana | |
| Gabriel Voicu (1999) |
Hungary | |
| Sándor et al. (2005) |
| Szakáll & Gatter |
| Szakáll & Jánosi. Minerals of Hungary |
| Koch (1985) |
| Majzlan et al. (2024) | |
India | |
| Changkakoti et al. (1987) +1 other reference |
Indonesia | |
| Prendergast (2003) +1 other reference |
| Prendergast (2003) | |
| Yuningsih (2010) +2 other references |
Italy | |
| Marchesini et al. (2025) +1 other reference |
| Bernardelli et al. (2000) |
| Bernardelli et al. (2000) | |
| Gamboni et al. (2021) |
Ivory Coast | |
| Boya et al. (2022) |
Japan | |
| Arribas et al. (2018) |
| Ishibashi (1960) |
| Masutomi Museum specimen (Kyoto) +1 other reference |
| Kazuo Hiramatsu collection. +1 other reference | |
| ISHIYAMA et al. (1990) |
| 島倉広至 et al. (2015) +1 other reference |
| YUNINGSIH et al. (2018) +1 other reference |
| Matsukuma (1962) |
| Yamada (2004) +1 other reference |
| Satoshi Matsubara et al. (2010) | |
| Petrov (n.d.) |
| Izumino et al. (2015) |
| SOEDA et al. (1978) |
| Ishibashi (1960) +2 other references |
| IZUMINO et al. (2013) +1 other reference |
Kazakhstan | |
| Filimonova et al. (1986) +1 other reference |
| Kovalev et al. (2018) |
| Miroshnikova A. et al. (2014) +1 other reference |
| Pekov (1998) |
| Spiridonov (2014) | |
| Spiridonov (1982) |
| Mozgova et al. (1994) |
| Mozgova et al. (1994) |
| Глоба В.А. Месторождение Манка - новый геолого-промышленный тип месторождений золота. // Изв. НАН РК et al. (403) |
| Litvinovich et al. (1960) +2 other references |
| Baibatsha et al. (2015) |
| Baibatsha et al. (2015) +1 other reference |
Kosovo | |
| Kołodziejczyk et al. (2017) |
| Mederski et al. (2021) |
Malaysia | |
| Li et al. (2015) |
Mexico | |
| Stone +1 other reference |
| Dana 7:I:164. |
| - (1970) |
| Gaines (1965) +1 other reference | |
| Williams S A (1985) +1 other reference |
| Canet et al. (2009) +1 other reference |
Myanmar | |
| Myint et al. (2022) |
| Myint et al. (2022) | |
| Sasmaz et al. (2025) |
Nepal | |
| Kalin Kouzmanov et al. (2009) |
| Kouzmanov et al. (2009) |
New Zealand | |
| Fraser (1910) |
| Fraser (1910) | |
| Geology and Mineralisation of the ... |
North Korea | |
| Imai et al. (2000) |
Norway | |
| Ihlen (1978) |
| Neumann (1985) |
| Neumann (1985) |
| Neumann (1985) |
| Anthony et al. (1990) |
| Ramdohr (1938) +1 other reference |
| Analyzed at Natural History Museum (T-50.196-200) |
| Nordrum (2006) |
| Nordrum et al. (1995) | |
| Cook et al. (2007) | |
| Anthony et al. (1990) | |
| Neumann (1985) |
| Neumann (1985) | |
| Amaliksen (1980) | |
Papua New Guinea | |
| Noku et al. (2002) +1 other reference |
| Espi et al. (2005) +1 other reference |
Peru | |
| Crespo +4 other references |
| Alfonso et al. (2023) | |
Philippines | |
| Hermo et al. (2022) +1 other reference |
| Fermor 2011: Ore Deposits in an ... |
Poland | |
| Pieczka et al. (2009) +1 other reference |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Lis et al. (1986) | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Harańczyk (1983) |
Portugal | |
| Cabri et al. (1998) +1 other reference |
Romania | |
| Mandarino (1996) +1 other reference |
| Shimizu et al. (1998) +1 other reference | |
| Shimizu et al. (1998) | |
| Shimizu et al. (1998) | |
| Anthony et al. (1990) |
| www.minerals-of-the-carpathians +1 other reference |
| Cook et al. (2002) | |
| Anthony et al. (1990) +1 other reference | |
| Cook et al. (2002) | |
| Szakáll (2002) | |
| Anthony et al. (1990) | |
| Cook et al. (2002) |
| Szakáll et al. (2010) |
| Simon et al. (1995) |
| Cook et al. (2003) +1 other reference | |
| Cook et al. (2005) |
| Hirtopanu et al. (2015) |
| Plotinskaya et al. (2009) +2 other references |
Russia | |
| Ettlinger et al. (1991) |
| Potseluev et al. (2006) +1 other reference |
| Некипелова А.В. МИНЕРАЛОГИЯ И УСЛОВИЯ ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ Сu-Au-Bi-TeМИНЕРАЛИЗАЦИИ СИНЮХИНСКОГО МЕСТОРОЖДЕНИЯ (ГОРНЫЙ АЛТАЙ) | |
| Cherkasova et al. (2015) |
| Vakh et al. (2016) |
| Vikentev (2016, April) |
| Vikentev (2016, April) | |
| Chernyshov et al. (2009, November) |
| Izvekova et al. (2021) |
| Damdinov et al. (2022) |
| Kasatkin et al. (2022) |
| Kasatkin AV |
| Rogov et al. (2023) |
| Rogov et al. (2023) | |
| Plotinskaya et al. (2020) |
| Pekov (1998) |
| Vikent’eva +6 other references |
| Plotinskaya et al. (2020) | |
| Plotinskaya et al. (2014) +1 other reference |
| Amplieva (2008) |
| Chitalin et al. (2023) |
| Damdinov et al. (2016) |
| |
| Bindi et al. (2003) +1 other reference |
| Bindi et al. (2003) | |
| Andreeva et al. (2013) |
| Tolstykh et al. (2021) |
| Takahashi +5 other references |
| Okrugin (2004) | |
| [Der Aufschluss 1995:4 p163-180] +1 other reference | |
| Буханова (2018) |
| Popova et al. (1993) |
| Anthony et al. (1990) | |
| Goryachev et al. (2014) | |
| Krinov D.I. et al. (2011) |
| Kalinin (2021) |
| Chernyavsky et al. (2012) +1 other reference | |
| Grebennikova et al. (2023) +1 other reference |
| Gvozdev et al. (2005) |
| Kazachenko et al. (2006, July) | |
| Ivashchenko et al. (2011, September) |
| [World of Stones 12:49] | |
| Kondratieva et al. (2021) |
| Kondratieva et al. (2021) | |
| Kondratieva et al. (2021) | |
| Kondratieva et al. (2021) |
| Zaitsev et al. (2019) |
| Pekov (1998) |
| Gamyanin +6 other references |
| Gvozdev (2002) |
| Vikent'eva et al. (2016, April) |
| Yarosh et al. (1955) | |
| Azovskova et al. (2013, January) | |
| Vikent’ev et al. (2006) |
| Koroteev et al. (2017) |
| Mineralogy of Ural: native elements |
| Vikent’ev et al. (2006) |
| Murzin et al. (1999) |
| Kasatkin et al. (2021) |
| Murzin et al. (1999) | |
| Gas’kov (2008) +1 other reference |
| Kuzhuget et al. (2023) +1 other reference |
| Kovalenker et al. (2018) |
| Kovalev et al. (2019) | |
| Redin et al. (2015) +2 other references |
| Pekov (1998) |
| Mineralogical Society of America - ... |
| Kasatkin et al. (2014) |
| Eremin et al. (2023) |
| Eremin et al. (2014) |
| Yurgenson et al. (2023) |
| Eremin et al. (2023) | |
| Lyubimtseva et al. (2018) +1 other reference |
| Krivitskaya et al. (2008, June) | |
| Prokof'ev et al. (2004) +2 other references | |
Saudi Arabia | |
| Hakim et al. (1992) |
Serbia | |
| Slobodan A. Radosavljević et al. (2013) +1 other reference | |
| Radosavljevic-Mihajlovic et al. (2007) | |
Slovakia | |
| Ďuďa R. et al. (1993) |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Melnikov et al. (2009) |
| Ferenc Š et al. (Kokava nad Rimavicou) |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Ragan M. et al. (veporikum) | |
| Bakoš F. et al. (Slovenské Rudohorie, veporikum) |
| Sejkora J. et al. (Vtáčnik, Slovenská republika) +1 other reference |
| Haidinger (1831) +1 other reference | |
| Pršek et al. (2008) |
| Melnikov et al. (2009) | |
| Melnikov et al. (2009) | |
| Ferenc et al. (2021) |
| Martin Števko-unpublished |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Števko M. et al. (2014) |
| Chovan M. +2 other references |
South Africa | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) | |
| Manyeruke (2007) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| Cairncross (2004) |
South Korea | |
| Kim et al. (2012) +1 other reference |
| Imai (1978) | |
Spain | |
| Tornos et al. (1998) |
| Georges FAVREAU collection and EDX ... |
Sweden | |
| Dobbe (1991) |
| Dobbe (1991) | |
| Scherbina (1941) +1 other reference |
| |
| Analysis: XRD Thomas Witzke |
| Andersson et al. (2024) |
| Andersson et al. (2024) | |
| Öhman et al. (2005) |
| Öhman et al. (2005) +1 other reference | |
| Andersson et al. (2024) | |
| Andersson et al. (2024) | |
Switzerland | |
| Schweizer Strahler |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
Tajikistan | |
| Badalov et al. (1975) |
Tanzania | |
| Vos (2009) |
Turkey | |
| Özgür (1993) |
| A. Willgallis et al. : "Se- and ... | |
| Sasmaz et al. (2025) |
| ÇAĞATAY et al. (1990) |
| ÇAĞATAY et al. (1990) | |
UK | |
| Stanley et al. (1991) |
| Greg et al. (1858) +5 other references |
| Lowry et al. (1994) |
| Chapman et al. (2023) |
| Chapman et al. (2023) |
| Corkhill et al. (2010) |
| University Museum Mineral Collection (former collection of Dr. Hugo Müller) +11 other references |
Ukraine | |
| |
USA | |
| - (2008) |
| - (2008) +1 other reference |
| Econ Geol (1991) | |
| - (2008) |
| - (2008) |
| - (2008) |
| - (2008) | |
| - (2008) | |
| Rombach et al. (2002, October) +1 other reference |
| - (2008) |
| - (2008) |
| - (2008) |
| Graeme (1993) |
| azminerals.com | |
| Cooper & Silver (1964) +1 other reference |
| Cooper (1964) +1 other reference |
| Anthony et al. (1995) | |
| Galbraith (1947) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) | |
| Genth (1890) +3 other references |
| Dana 7:I:163 +5 other references |
| Univ. AZ Bull. 41 (1916-17) +1 other reference |
| www.mineralsocal.org (1999) |
| Dana 7: I: 163 & 186 +4 other references |
| Dana 7: I: 163. +4 other references | |
| |
| Czamanske et al. (1975) +3 other references |
| Cooper +2 other references |
| Mineral News: 16 (9) +2 other references | |
| Webb (1935) +3 other references |
| www.mineralsocal.org (1999) |
| Adams (2016) |
| Hanks (1884) +3 other references |
| Marty et al. (2010) |
| Bell mine +1 other reference |
| Averill (1931) +3 other references |
| Eakle (1914) |
| Genth F A (1868) +4 other references |
| Sharwood (1911) +2 other references |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Thompson (1949) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| - (2005) |
| USGS PP 1017 (Lovering,1978) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| - (2005) | |
| USGS Bull 1434 |
| U.S. Geological Survey Professional ... +1 other reference |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Rocks & Min.:64:144-145. |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Genth F A (1868) |
| Rocks & min.: 64:197. |
| Matrix 11:4 pp 181-190 | |
| Cook (1978) |
| Rocks & Min.:64:200. +1 other reference | |
| Genth F A (1868) | |
| Genth F A (1868) |
| Cook (1978) | |
| Koschmann et al. (1968) |
| Koschmann et al. (1968) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Anthony et al. (1990) +1 other reference |
| Koschmann et al. (1968) |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
| Morrill et al. 1958. +1 other reference |
| Morrill et al. 1958. +2 other references |
| Ostrander et al. (1940) |
| "Western Massachusetts Mineral ... |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| Krohn et al. (1977) | |
| Gobla (2012) |
| Dana 7:I:163. |
| Gobla (2012) |
| Geology and Ore Deposits of the Elkhorn ... +1 other reference |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Gnanou (2018) |
| Gnanou (2018) | |
| Economic Geology (1996) +3 other references | |
| Genth F A (1868) +2 other references |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| John W. Norby and Michael J.T. Orobona (2002) |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| - (2005) | |
| Mankins (2022) |
| Mankins (2022) | |
| Mankins (2022) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Aird et al. (2021) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Dunham (1935) +2 other references | |
| Dunham (1935) +2 other references | |
| Dunham (1935) +1 other reference | |
| Dunham (1935) +2 other references | |
| Crawford (1937) +1 other reference | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Dunham (1935) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Lasky (1947) | |
| - (2005) |
| Lasky (1947) |
| Lasky (1947) | |
| Crawford (1937) +1 other reference | |
| Lindgren et al. (1910) +1 other reference | |
| Lindgren et al. (1910) +2 other references | |
| Crawford (1937) +2 other references | |
| Crawford (1937) | |
| Crawford (1937) | |
| Lasky (1947) | |
| NMBMMR New Mexico Mineral symposium (2000) |
| Maynard (2014) |
| Harley (1934) |
| Rocks & Min.:60:86. |
| Dana 6:1075. +1 other reference |
| Dana 7:I:163. +1 other reference |
| Dana 6:1075. | |
| Dana 6:1076. |
| Dana 7:I:163. |
| Dana 6:1076. | |
| Genth (1891) +1 other reference | |
| Dana 6:1076 +1 other reference | |
| - (2005) |
| Dana 6: 1077. |
| Cook |
| - (1943) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| Lieber |
| - (2005) |
| USGS Prof Paper 297F +1 other reference |
| Roberts et al. (1965) |
| Roberts et al. (1965) | |
| Roberts et al. (1965) | |
| Smith (1991) |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Econ Geol (1986) |
| Bullock (1981) +1 other reference | |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dana 7:I:160-161 +1 other reference |
| Dietrich (1990) | |
| Rocks & Min.: 60:167 +1 other reference |
| - (2005) | |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dana 7:I:163. +2 other references | |
| Dana 6:40. |
| USGS Bull 540 |
Uzbekistan | |
| Koneev et al. (2005) +1 other reference |
| Eshimov et al. (1987) +1 other reference |
| Сайитов et al. (2023) | |
| Ashirov et al. (2023) |
| Kovalenker (2003) +1 other reference |
| Evseev (1995) +4 other references | |
Zimbabwe | |
| Oberthür et al. (2008) |
| Kolb et al. (2000) |
| Dana 7:I:163. |
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