Bismutite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Bismutite
Formula:
(BiO)2CO3
Colour:
Yellow to brown, greenish, green-grey, grey or black; colourless or tinted in shades of faint yellow, green, etc. in transmitted light.
Lustre:
Vitreous, Pearly, Dull, Earthy
Hardness:
2½ - 3½
Specific Gravity:
6.7 - 7.4
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Name:
In allusion to its bismuth-rich composition.
A common secondary Bismuth carbonate. Platy forms are visually indistinguishable from the Ca-Bi carbonates Beyerite and Kettnerite.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
687
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:687:9
IMA Classification of Bismutite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
Bi2O2(CO3)
Classification of Bismutite
5.BE.25
5 : CARBONATES (NITRATES)
B : Carbonates with additional anions, without H2O
E : With Pb, Bi
5 : CARBONATES (NITRATES)
B : Carbonates with additional anions, without H2O
E : With Pb, Bi
16a.3.5.1
16a : ANHYDROUS CARBONATES CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN
3 : (AB)2(XO3)Zq
16a : ANHYDROUS CARBONATES CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN
3 : (AB)2(XO3)Zq
11.10.1
11 : Carbonates
10 : Carbonates of Bi
11 : Carbonates
10 : Carbonates of Bi
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMAβCNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
| Symbol | Source | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Bit | IMAβCNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMAβCNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Physical Properties of Bismutite
Vitreous, Pearly, Dull, Earthy
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Comment:
Lustre grades to pearly in coarse, fibrous, and scaly material.
Colour:
Yellow to brown, greenish, green-grey, grey or black; colourless or tinted in shades of faint yellow, green, etc. in transmitted light.
Streak:
Grey
Hardness:
2½ - 3½ on Mohs scale
Cleavage:
Distinct/Good
On {001} (observed only in microscopic grains).
On {001} (observed only in microscopic grains).
Density:
6.7 - 7.4 g/cm3 (Measured) 8.15 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Bismutite
Type:
Uniaxial
RI values:
nα = 2.120 - 2.150 nβ = 2.120 - 2.300
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.000
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 Β΅m thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 Β΅m thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars.
Surface Relief:
Moderate
Chemistry of Bismutite
Mindat Formula:
(BiO)2CO3
Elements listed:
Crystallography of Bismutite
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Class (H-M):
mm2 - Pyramidal
Space Group:
Imm2
Cell Parameters:
a = 3.865 Å, b = 3.862 Å, c = 13.675 Å
α = 90°, β = 90°, γ = 90°
α = 90°, β = 90°, γ = 90°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 1.001 : 1 : 3.541
Unit Cell V:
204.1 Γ
Β³
Z:
2
Morphology:
Prismatic structure at times. Pulverulent to dense earthy masses; opaline crusts; radially-fibrous crusts or spheroidal aggregates; scaly to lamellar aggregates rare.
Comment:
Pseudo-I4/mmm.
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0005770 | Bismutite | Grice J D (2002) A solution to the crystal structures of bismutite and beyerite The Canadian Mineralogist 40 693-698 |  | 2002 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 3.724 Γ | (30) |
| 2.953 Γ | (100) |
| 2.737 Γ | (41) |
| 2.137 Γ | (25) |
| 1.9354 Γ | (20) |
| 1.7502 Γ | (22b) |
| 1.6184 Γ | (30b) |
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks | >3.0 |
| 34 : Complex granite pegmatites | |
| Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
| 47c : [Carbonates, phosphates, borates, nitrates] | |
| 47h : [Near-surface oxidized, dehydrated minerals] |
Geological Setting:
Oxidation zones of Bi-bearing ore deposits such as hydrothermal veins and in pegmatites containing bismuthinite and native bismuth.
Type Occurrence of Bismutite
Synonyms of Bismutite
Other Language Names for Bismutite
Dutch:Bismutiet
German:Bismutit
Agnesit
Arsenwismuth
Basobismutit
Bismuthospharit
Bismutosphaerit
BismutosphΓ€rit
Kohlensaures Wismuthoxyd
Luftsaures Wismuth
Normannit
Wismuthspath
Wismuthocker (in part)
Agnesit
Arsenwismuth
Basobismutit
Bismuthospharit
Bismutosphaerit
BismutosphΓ€rit
Kohlensaures Wismuthoxyd
Luftsaures Wismuth
Normannit
Wismuthspath
Wismuthocker (in part)
Norwegian:Vismutspat
Simplified Chinese:泑ιηΏ
εΊζ§ζ³‘ιηΏ
εΊζ§ζ³‘ιηΏ
Traditional Chinese:泑ι瀦
εΊζ§ζ³‘ι瀦
εΊζ§ζ³‘ι瀦
Varieties of Bismutite
| Hydrobismutite | Proven identical with Bismutite. Occurred at Schorl Mountain, Transbaikalia, Russia. |
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
| 163 photos of Bismutite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 113 photos of Bismutite associated with Bismuthinite | Bi2S3 |
| 35 photos of Bismutite associated with Malachite | Cu2(CO3)(OH)2 |
| 33 photos of Bismutite associated with Native Bismuth | Bi |
| 24 photos of Bismutite associated with Goethite | Fe3+O(OH) |
| 21 photos of Bismutite associated with Atelestite | Bi2(AsO4)O(OH) |
| 17 photos of Bismutite associated with Albite | Na(AlSi3O8) |
| 15 photos of Bismutite associated with Mixite | BiCu6(AsO4)3(OH)6 Β· 3H2O |
| 13 photos of Bismutite associated with Emplectite | CuBiS2 |
| 12 photos of Bismutite associated with Zeunerite | Cu(UO2)2(AsO4)2 Β· 12H2O |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 5.BE.X | Abellaite | NaPb2(CO3)2(OH) |
| 5.BE.05 | Shannonite | Pb2O(CO3) |
| 5.BE.10 | Hydrocerussite | Pb3(CO3)2(OH)2 |
| 5.BE.15 | Plumbonacrite | Pb5O(OH)2(CO3)3 |
| 5.BE.20 | Phosgenite | Pb2CO3Cl2 |
| 5.BE.30 | Kettnerite | CaBiCO3OF |
| 5.BE.35 | Beyerite | Ca(BiO)2(CO3)2 |
| 5.BE.40 | Grootfonteinite | Pb3O(CO3)2 |
| 5.BE.45 | Somersetite | Pb8O2(OH)2(CO3)5 |
Other Information
Notes:
Soluble in acids with effervescence.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Bismutite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-687.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
Search Engines:
External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Bismutite
Reference List:
Werner, Abraham Gottlob (1817) Letztes Mineral-System - Aus dessen Nachlasse auf oberbergamtliche Anordnung herausgegeben und mit ErlΓ€uterungen versehen.p.56 - as Arsenikwismuth
Lacroix, Alfred (1922) MinΓ©ralogie de Madagascar, Tome I. GΓ©ologie-MinΓ©ralogie descriptive. Augustin Challamel. 624 pp. pp.297-297 - Raoult analysis
Frondel, Clifford (1943) The mineralogy of the oxides and carbonates of bismuth. American Mineralogist, 28 (9-10) 521-535
Localities for Bismutite
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
β - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Argentina | |
| Colombo et al. (2011) |
| Mutti et al. (2007) |
| Sureda et al. (2010) |
| Colombo et al. (2006) |
| Alfredo Petrov collection (obtained from Argentine field collector) |
| Bardelli et al. (2018) |
| De Brodtkorb (2009) |
| GALLISKI (1983) +1 other reference |
| Marquez-Zavalia et al. (2012) | |
| Lapis 8 (4) |
| Bedlivy et al. (1972) | |
| Collection of Juan Carlos Lodovichi |
| OyarzΓ‘bal et al. (2016) |
| Ribacki et al. (2023) |
| Ribacki et al. (2023) | |
| Roquet et al. (2011) +2 other references | |
Armenia | |
| Kovalenker et al. (2006) |
| Moritz et al. (2016) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
Australia | |
| Gilligan et al. (1993) |
| McKinnon et al. (2005) |
| Henley et al. (2001) |
| Henley et al. (2001) |
| Rankin et al. (2002) +2 other references |
| Henley et al. (2001) |
| Clissold (2007) | |
| Henley et al. (2001) | |
| Sharpe et al. (2004) | |
| Clissold (2007) | |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Gilligan et al. (1995) |
| Leverett et al. (2005) | |
| Leverett et al. (2003) | |
| Dieter Mylius collection |
| Australian Museum specimen |
| Ryan (1961) | |
| Ryan (1961) | |
| Ryan (1961) | |
| Ryan (1961) | |
| Ryan (1961) | |
| - (2023) +1 other reference |
| Warne et al. (1991) | |
| - (2023) +1 other reference | |
| Ivanac (1954) +1 other reference | |
| - (2023) | |
| - (2023) +1 other reference | |
| Costas Constantinides collection |
| Brooks et al. (1960) | |
| Lawrence et al (1998) |
| Wheeler (2017) |
| E. Stevens & R. Bottrill | |
| |
| R Bottrill |
| Noble R.J et al. (1983) |
| SARIG Mine Record Sheets |
| Brown (1899) |
| S.A. Museum collection |
| Noble R.J et al. (1983) |
| Noble |
| Noble et al. (1983) |
| Pring et al. (2000) |
| |
| Jennings (1979) |
| www.crocoite.com (2002) | |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) | |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) |
| Museum Victoria collections |
| Birch et al. (2007) |
| Henry et al. (2022) |
| Grguric et al. (2009) |
| Bridge et al. (1974) |
| Hodge (1970) |
| Simpson (1948) |
| The Simpson Mineral Collection of the ... | |
| Jacobson et al. (2007) +2 other references |
| Simpson (1948) |
| Grguric et al. (2006) |
| Grguric et al. (2006) | |
| Simpson (1948) |
| The Sun newspaper (Kalgoorlie) +1 other reference | |
| Simpson (1928) |
| Simpson (1928) +1 other reference |
| Simpson (1948) |
| Jacobson et al. (2007) +2 other references |
| Hesperian Press +3 other references | |
| Jacobson et al. (2007) +2 other references | |
| Jacobson et al. (2007) | |
| Calderwood +2 other references |
| Jacobson et al. (2007) +2 other references |
| Jacobson et al. (2007) +2 other references | |
| Jacobson et al. (2007) +2 other references | |
| Jacobson et al. (2007) | |
Austria | |
| |
| Paar et al. (1998) |
| BlaΓ et al. (1999) | |
| Walter et al. (2018) |
| Kolitsch (2014) |
| LΓΆffler et al. (2018) |
| Niedermayr (2006) |
| Paar et al. (1993) |
| Putz (2004) |
| Lapis 25 (12) |
| Niedermayr (1997) | |
| Niedermayr (2008) |
| Thalhammer et al. (1989) |
| C.Auer (2024) |
| Postl (1990) +1 other reference |
| Auer (2019) |
| Leitner (2015) |
Bolivia | |
| - (2005) |
| Federico Ahlfeld y Jorge MuΓ±oz Reyes (1955) |
| Petrov (n.d.) | |
| Kempff et al. (La Paz, 2009) |
| Federico Ahlfeld and Alejandro Schneider-Scherbina (1964) |
| Salomon Rivas y Federico Ahlfeld (1998) |
| Wilson (2001) |
| Salomon Rivas y Federico Ahlfeld (1998) |
| Smith et al. (2001) +1 other reference |
| Salomon Rivas y Federico Ahlfeld (1998) |
| USGS Bulletin # 1975 |
| GEOBOL |
Brazil | |
| Tony Nikischer |
| Pires et al. (2020) |
| Anthony (1997) |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
| Hunger et al. (2021) |
| Murdoch (1955) |
| e Souza et al. (2020) |
| FΓ€rber et al. (2011) |
| Fernando Brederodes Collection |
Bulgaria | |
| Π‘ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΊ et al. (2019) |
Burundi | |
| Lehmann et al. (1992) +1 other reference |
Canada | |
| Badham (1975) |
| |
| Ercit et al. (2003) |
| MDI Number: MDI31C14SE00151 |
| MacMillan (2014) |
| Hugh S. Spence (1930) +1 other reference |
| Reiner Mielke 2013 |
| Reiner Mielke 2016 | |
| MDI Number: MDI41P08NW00008 |
| by Ann P. Sabina 1974 +1 other reference |
| M et al. (1971) |
| Traill (1970) |
| Yukon Minfile Assessment File 93723 |
Chile | |
| - (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| - (n.d.) +1 other reference |
China | |
| Yang |
| Huan Hu et al. (2001) |
| Zhifu Sun et al. (1994) |
| Jiajing Zhang et al. (2008) |
| Boling Pan et al. (1989) |
| Chunlian Xiao (2008) |
| Lin Niu (1994) |
| Shiwei Liu et al. (1998) |
| Xu et al. (2022) |
| Gonggao Song (1987) |
| Zhao et al. (2022) |
| Jensen (2009) |
| Econ Geol (1994) |
| Yingchen Ren et al. (1986) |
| Shaofeng Wang (1991) |
| Gengyan Chen (1990) +1 other reference |
| Shangquan Wu (1986) |
| Yanping Cai et al. (2011) |
| Ming-Song et al. (2021) |
| Guibing Dan et al. (2007) |
| Fleischer et al. (1979) +1 other reference |
| Chunhong Wang et al. (2006) |
| Xiaoxu et al. (2023) |
| Guangming Li et al. (2006) |
| Jianxun Bai (1987) |
| Pinlong Du (1984) |
| Denghong Wang et al. (2003) |
| Mineralog. Zhurnal (1983) |
| Chen et al. (1992) |
| Bugao Xue (2003) |
| Daxian Zhao and Guangting Tang (1991) |
Czech Republic | |
| Lapis 2000 (4) |
| ΔernΓ½ |
| Journal of Geosciences 54:15-56 +2 other references |
| MalΓ½ |
| Vogl (1857) +2 other references |
| Lapis 2002 (7/8) | |
| Bulletin mineralogicko-petrologickΓ©ho oddΔlenΓ NΓ‘rodnΓho muzea v Praze (2015) |
| Sejkora et al. (1994) |
| Sejkora et al. (2006) |
| geological prospecting |
| KlomΓnskΓ½ |
| Fengl +3 other references |
| Bradna | |
| KruΕ₯a T. et al. (1968) |
| ProchΓ‘zka (1969) |
| |
| Sejkora et al. (2019) |
| Roman GrambliΔka collection |
| MALΓKOVΓ R et al. (2020) | |
| P.Fuchs |
| J.Sejkora | |
| Sejkora (1998) | |
| SlavΓΔek | |
| Sejkora (1998) |
| Sejkora (1998) | |
| Sejkora (1994) |
| PauliΕ‘ et al. (2022) |
DR Congo | |
| Van Wambeke (1975) |
| |
Ethiopia | |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
Europe | |
| Paulis et al. (2003) |
Finland | |
| Ilkka Mikkola collection |
| Ilkka Mikkola data | |
| Geological Survey of Finland 2008 ... |
| Finder Joel Dyer |
France | |
| G. Aubert : "Les coupoles granitiques de Montebras et d'Echassières (Massif Central Français) |
| Belot (1978) |
| |
| P. Devismes : "Atlas photographique des ... |
| Lheur et al. (2011) |
| confirmed by Nicolas Meisser (Lausanne, Switzerland) |
| Thorne (n.d.) |
| Thierry Brunsperger. |
| Wittern et al. (1997) | |
| Escande et al. (1973) +6 other references |
| Escande et al. (1973) +6 other references | |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Ansermet et al. (2010) | |
| Queneau P. (2001) +1 other reference |
| Forner et al. (1997) |
| |
| Lheur (2023) |
| Leconte J. et al. (2016) |
| Favreau et al. (2010) |
| Ref: Boisson J.M. |
| Patrice Queneau Collection and ... |
| Dubru. M (1986) |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| Boisson J.M. |
| Chollet Pascal collection |
Germany | |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| www.mineralienatlas.de (2021) | |
| [Wittern (1995) |
| |
| Wendel et al. (1998) +1 other reference |
| Schrenk (2000) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Walenta (1991) |
| Walenta (1989) |
| Walenta (1989) | |
| WeiΓ (1990) |
| American Mineralogist +1 other reference | |
| Information from Carsten Slotta. |
| Aufschluss 1981 (5) | |
| Markl (1992) |
| |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Hanneberg et al. (2009) +1 other reference |
| |
| Walenta (1992) |
| GrΓΆbner (2003) |
| |
| Pavel M. Kartashov analytical data of ... |
| Aufschluss 1986 (11) | |
| ErzgrΓ€ber 1987 (2) | |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Walenta (1991) +1 other reference | |
| |
| Walenta (1994) +1 other reference |
| Wittern (2001) | |
| WeiΓ (1990) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| PETITJEAN collection |
| Belendorff (2021) | |
| Habel (2001) +1 other reference |
| ... |
| Schmitt (1993) |
| Lorenz et al. (2007) |
| F. MΓΌller: "Bayerns steinreiche Ecke" et al. (Hof) |
| WeiΓ (1990) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| F. MΓΌller: "Bayerns steinreiche Ecke" et al. (Hof) | |
| Wittern (2001) |
| WeiΓ (1990) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| PETITJEAN collection |
| Krause et al. (1993) +1 other reference |
| Collection of Steffen Michalski |
| Collection of Steffen Michalski |
| Collection of Steffen Michalski |
| Lapis 2002 (2) | |
| Lapis 25 (2) | |
| Collection of Steffen Michalski | |
| Collection of Steffen Michalski | |
| Belendorff et al. (1987) | |
| Collection of Steffen Michalski |
| Belendorff (2021) |
| Belendorff (2021) | |
| Klaus Petitjean collection |
| SΓ‘ez et al. (2011) |
| GrΓΆbner et al. (2011) |
| Schnorrer (1995) +1 other reference |
| WeiΓ (1990) |
| Rolf Golze +3 other references |
| Johannes Markus Henrich +2 other references |
| Wittern (2001) +1 other reference |
| Henrich (2009) |
| WeiΓ (1990) |
| Schnorrer et al. (2000) | |
| Wittern (2001) |
| H.P. Schroeder Collection |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Breithaupt (1841) |
| M Adelt collection | |
| King (n.d.) | |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Breithaupt (1841) |
| Schnorrer (1995) +1 other reference | |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Witzke (1993) +1 other reference |
| Kleeberg et al. (1992) |
| www.dergraul.de (2001) |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
| Massanek et al. (2005) | |
| Massanek et al. (2005) |
| Massanek et al. (2005) | |
| Jambor et al. (1999) +1 other reference | |
| Wittern (2001) | |
| Palache et al. (1951) | |
| Massanek et al. (2005) | |
| Massanek et al. (2005) | |
| Massanek et al. (2005) | |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference | |
| Massanek et al. (2005) |
| Massanek et al. (2005) | |
| Schlegel et al. (1996) | |
| Massanek et al. (2005) | |
| Massanek et al. (2005) | |
| GrΓΆbner J. +1 other reference |
| Schlegel (2002) +1 other reference |
| Massanek et al. (2005) | |
| Witzke et al. (2007) |
| Pavel M. Kartashov analytical data 2018 |
| TrΓΆger (2006) +1 other reference |
| GrΓΆbner (2003) |
| GrΓΆbner et al. (2007) +1 other reference | |
| Breithaupt (1841) |
Greece | |
| Schnorrer (1995) +1 other reference |
| Solomos et al. (2004) | |
| Rieck et al. (2018) | |
| |
| GrΓΆbner et al. (2002) |
| Lapis et al. (1999) |
| Triantafyllidis (2019) |
| Fitros et al. (2017) |
Hungary | |
| Geoda |
India | |
| Rao (1972) |
| Amer Min (1969) |
Iran | |
| Samiee et al. (2022) |
Italy | |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Rivista Mineralogica Italiana |
| Carmagnola et al. (2019) |
| Marchesini et al. (2025) +1 other reference |
| - (n.d.) |
| Ghizzoni et al. (2005) | |
| Ghizzoni et al. (2005) | |
| Ghizzoni et al. (2005) | |
| Ghizzoni et al. (2005) | |
| Ghizzoni et al. (2005) | |
| Ghizzoni et al. (2005) | |
| Bedognè F. et al. (1995) |
| Ambrino et al. (2009) |
| Ambrino et al. (2009) | |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Campostrini (2001) |
| U. Kolitsch PXRD (10/07) +1 other reference | |
| Ciriotti et al. (2019) |
| Ciriotti et al. (2019) | |
| Guastoni et al. (2006) |
| Guastoni et al. (2006) | |
| Collected by Frank de Wit (1989-2000) +2 other references | |
| Riboni et al. (2025) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Mauro Savia et al. (2024) |
| Cuchet et al. (2016) +1 other reference |
| Cuchet et al. (2016) | |
| Eugenio Cadoni collection. +1 other reference |
| Billows (1941) |
| Stara et al. (1996) |
| Moroni et al. (2019) |
| Stara et al. (1996) |
| Caboni et al. (2018) |
| - (n.d.) |
| Conedera M. et al. (2016) |
| Ferretti et al. (2018) |
| Erica Bittarello +3 other references |
| De Michele (1974) |
| G. Marinelli (Isola d'Elba) +1 other reference |
| Biagioni et al. (2008) |
| β’ Biagioni et al. (2008) | |
Japan | |
| Uehara et al. (2013) |
| ζ΅ε°εΏ η· (1961) |
| Hori Mineralogy |
| Sadanaga et al. (1974) |
| SHIROSE et al. (2011) +1 other reference |
Kazakhstan | |
| Baibatsha et al. (2015) +1 other reference |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
| Baibatsha et al. (2015) |
| geo.web.ru (2007) | |
| Baibatsha et al. (2015) +1 other reference |
Madagascar | |
| Arliguie Michel photo and collection ... +1 other reference |
| Behier (1963) |
| Behier (1963) | |
| Behier (1963) |
| Knut Edvard Larsen collection # M-268 | |
| Behier (1963) |
| Behier (1963) |
| Besaire (1966) |
| Arliguie Michel collection and photo (Photo ID: 882110) | |
| Behier (1963) |
| Behier (1963) |
| Behier (1963) |
| Behier (1963) |
| Behier (1963) |
| Behier (1960) |
| Behier (1963) |
| Behier (1963) |
| Larsen (2003) | |
| Knut Edvard Larsen collection # MM-2189 |
| Larsen (2003) | |
| Knut Edvard Larsen collection (#M-673) | |
| Knut Edvard Larsen collection # MM-5549 | |
| Besaire (1966) |
| Ranorosoa (1986) | |
| Behier (1960) |
| Knut Edvard Larsen collection # MM-2042 |
| Behier (1963) | |
| Behier (1957) +1 other reference |
| Michel Arliguie specimen |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
Mexico | |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Panczner (1987) | |
| Panczner (1987) | |
| Lapis 2001 (1) |
Mongolia | |
| Shen et al. (2025) |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
Morocco | |
| Ilmen et al. (2015) |
Mozambique | |
| Correia Neves et al. (1971) |
| Wilson et al. (2000) |
| MnhnL collection |
| Aires Barros (1966) |
| Wilson et al. (2000) | |
| Wilson et al. (2000) | |
| Gomes et al. (2022) | |
| Wilson et al. (2000) |
| Wilson et al. (2000) |
| Aires Barros (1966) +1 other reference | |
| Wilson et al. (2000) | |
| Neiva et al. (2005) | |
| Aires Barros (1966) |
| Moiana (2010) |
| Moiana (2010) | |
| Moiana (2010) | |
| Schappmann (2005) |
| Schappmann (2005) | |
Namibia | |
| Desor (10/2023) |
| Keller et al. (1989) |
| Bezing et al. (2007) |
| Niedermayr (2001) +1 other reference |
| Schnaitmann et al. (2010) |
| von Bezing (2007) |
| Baldwin (1994) | |
Norway | |
| Neumann (1985) |
| Frigstad (1968) +1 other reference |
| Pedersen (2007) |
| Neumann (1985) | |
| Neumann (1985) |
| Neumann (1985) | |
| |
| Peter Andresen collection |
| Juul Nilsen (1993) |
| Juul Nilsen (1993) |
| Neumann (1985) |
| Peter Andresen collection |
| Pedersen (1976) |
| Husdal (2020) |
| Husdal (2008) | |
| Husdal (2019) | |
| Kristiansen et al. (1972) +2 other references |
| Husdal (2019) |
| Ellingsen et al. (2000) |
| Kristiansen (2014) |
| Kristiansen (2008) |
| Dons (1961) +1 other reference |
| Atle Michalsen photo & specimen |
| - (2008) |
Papua New Guinea | |
| Espi et al. (2005) |
Peru | |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Alfonso et al. (2023) |
Poland | |
| SzeΕΔg E. et al. (DolnoΕlΔ skie Surowce Skalne S.A.) +1 other reference |
| SZUSZKIEWICZ et al. (2013) | |
| Parafiniuk J. (2003) |
| Pieczka A. +2 other references |
| WiewiΓ³ra A. |
| Madziarz (2006) |
| Muszer et al. (2006) +1 other reference | |
Portugal | |
| Pedro Alves collection and/or ... | |
| Alves (n.d.) |
| Alves (n.d.) |
| LNEG Museu de Jazigos Minerais ... |
| |
| Alves (n.d.) |
| Alves (n.d.) |
Romania | |
| Stefan Nicolescu (1996) |
Russia | |
| webmineral.ru (2020) |
| Potseluev et al. (2006) |
| Dβyachkov et al. (2022) |
| Cherkasova et al. (2015) |
| Vakh et al. (2016) |
| Izvekova et al. (2021) |
| Damdinova et al. (2021) |
| Kasatkin et al. (2022) |
| Seltmann et al. (2010) |
| Seltmann et al. (2010) |
| Seltmann et al. (2010) |
| E. Kaigorodova analytical data |
| Seltmann et al. (2010) |
| Seltmann et al. (2010) | |
| Dicken et al. (2016) | |
| P.M. Kartashov and V.V. Strekopytov data |
| Goryachev (2001) |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
| Voloshin A.V. et al. (1986) |
| Kalinin (2021) |
| Svetlitskaya +2 other references |
| Grant et al. (2001) |
| Grebennikova et al. (2023) |
| Kazachenko et al. (2021) |
| V.A. Gorelov (1997) |
| Ivashchenko et al. (2011, September) | |
| Ivashchenko et al. (2011, September) | |
| Ivashchenko et al. (2011, September) | |
| Ivashchenko et al. (2008) |
| Seltmann et al. (2010) |
| Kondratieva et al. (2023) |
| Bortnikov et al. (2011) |
| So et al. (1995) |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Pavel M. Kartashov analytical data (2012) |
| Yarosh et al. (1955) | |
| Koroteev et al. (2017) |
| Kuzhuget et al. (2020) |
| Kuzhuget et al. (2022) |
| Kuzhuget et al. (2022) |
| Kuzhuget et al. (2023) |
| Tauson et al. (2017) |
| Kovalev et al. (2019) | |
| - (1998) |
| |
| Kasatkin et al. (2020) | |
| Fialova et al. (2013) | |
| Pekov (1998) +2 other references |
| Eremin et al. (2023) |
| Eremin et al. (2014) |
| Efremov et al. (2021) |
| Π M Spiridonov (2014) |
| Seltmann et al. (2010) +2 other references |
| Krivitskaya et al. (2008, June) | |
| Lyubimtseva et al. (2021) | |
Rwanda | |
| Daltry et al. (1998) |
Slovakia | |
| HoppanovΓ‘ et al. (2024) |
| Martin Ε tevko-unpublished |
| Ε tevko M. et al. (SlovenskΓ‘ republika) | |
| Kodě +1 other reference |
| Ε tevko M. et al. (2012) |
| Ε tevko M. (2022) |
| NHM Collection (2010) |
South Africa | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
| SΓΆhnge (1950) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
Spain | |
| JosΓ© Miguel Sola |
| MINDAT Sierra de Baza (Mineralogist Group of Granada) | |
| Calvo (2015) |
| Calvo (2009) |
| Calvo (2003) |
| Schnorrer (2000) |
| Mata PerellΓ³ (1991) |
| M. Ruiz Montes +1 other reference | |
| Garcia G. et al. (2004) |
| Ref: JimΓ©nez R. et al. (2004) |
| Angel Ortiz Maellas specimem |
| Ruiz Garcia (1976) |
| Sainz de Baranda Graf et al. (2023) |
| Calvo (2003) |
| Sainz de Baranda Graf et al. (2023) |
Sweden | |
| |
| Torstensson (2002) |
| Aksel Osterlof specimen +1 other reference |
| Öhman et al. (2004) |
Switzerland | |
| Schweizer Strahler |
| Roth (2007) |
| Cuchet et al. (2003) +1 other reference |
| Cuchet et al. (2017) |
| van der Burgt et al. (2005) | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| |
| Cuchet et al. (2005) |
| Cuchet et al. (2014) | |
| |
| Meisser (2012) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) +1 other reference |
| Stalder et al. (1998) +1 other reference | |
Tajikistan | |
| Badalov et al. (1975) |
| Yatimov et al. (2022) |
| Badalov et al. (1975) | |
| Badalov et al. (1975) | |
| Badalov et al. (1975) | |
| Turlychkin et al. (1972) |
| Lur'ye et al. (1971) | |
Thailand | |
| Patrice Queneau Collection visual identification. Confirmed. Analyzed by Nicolas Meisser (NaturΓ©um) |
UK | |
| |
| Rust (1995) |
| WeiΓ et al. (2017) |
| Clark et al. (1986) |
| Hogg (1825) +1 other reference |
| Hogg (1825) +3 other references |
| Rust (1998) |
| Collection Richard De Nul |
| Rust (1995) | |
| Reid et al. (1907) | |
| Collection Elmar Lackner and well known ... |
| Le Neve Foster (1879) +1 other reference | |
| Henwood (1843) +1 other reference |
| Stanley et al. (1991) |
| BMS Collection +1 other reference |
| Goodchild (1882) +4 other references |
| Render (n.d.) |
| Steve Rust Collection & NHM Collection |
| Moles et al. (2012) |
| Moles et al. (2012) | |
| Tindle (2008) | |
| Braithwaite et al. (1990) |
| R. S. W. Braithwaite and J. R. Knight (1990) +1 other reference |
USA | |
| Dean (1995) |
| - (2008) |
| Graeme (1993) |
| Graeme (1993) +1 other reference | |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) | |
| Anthony et al. (1995) | |
| Williams (1981) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| HANSON et al. (2007) |
| Galbraith (1959) |
| MRDS database Dep. ID file #10096063 |
| Frondel (1943) +2 other references |
| MRDS database Dep. ID #10056479 | |
| MRDS database Dep. ID #10027881 | |
| Jahns (1952) +1 other reference | |
| Jahns (1952) |
| MRDS database Dep. ID #10027573 |
| Jahns (1952) +2 other references | |
| Murdoch (1966) |
| Murdoch (1966) | |
| Walstrom (n.d.) |
| Murdoch (1966) |
| Larsen (1921) +1 other reference |
| Stolburg (1984) |
| Margerum (2004) |
| Margerum (2004) | |
| Dunning +2 other references | |
| Webb (1935) +2 other references |
| Adams (2010) |
| Hanks (1884) +1 other reference |
| Murdoch (1966) |
| Kampf et al. (2018) |
| MarekC pers. coll. 2017-2018 | |
| Murdoch (1966) |
| Dunning et al. (1998) |
| Dunning et al. (2005) | |
| Tucker (1921) +2 other references |
| Tucker (1921) +3 other references |
| Collected by and in the collection of ... |
| Collected by and in the collection of ... | |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Mauthner (2024) |
| Jahns et al. (1951) +3 other references | |
| Mauthner (2024) | |
| illus. +4 other references |
| Morton et al. (2019) |
| Foord et al. (1989) +1 other reference |
| Rogers (1910) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Meeves et al. (1966) |
| - (2005) | |
| Heinrich (1948) +2 other references | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Hanley et al. (1950) +1 other reference |
| - (2005) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Pearl (1958) | |
| Pearl (1958) | |
| AMERICAN MINERALOGIST 50:96-104 +1 other reference |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Hanley et al. (1950) +1 other reference |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| - (2005) |
| Dana 6:1090. |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Am Min 35:173-184 |
| Hanley et al. (1950) +1 other reference | |
| Hanley et al. (1950) +1 other reference |
| Lovering et al. (1950) +1 other reference |
| microprobe ID by Bart Cannon |
| Palache et al. (1951) | |
| Januzzi et al. (1976) |
| King (n.d.) |
| Januzzi et al. (1976) +1 other reference |
| Januzzi et al. (1976) | |
| David Busha collection |
| Betts (1999) |
| Moritz (n.d.) | |
| Januzzi |
| Moritz (n.d.) |
| David Busha collection |
| Eric Quinter collection | |
| Shepard (1837) |
| Schooner (circa 1980s) |
| Tom Benedict collection | |
| Ralph Lieser of Pappyβs Beryl Shop +3 other references |
| Huff et al. (1996) | |
| Schooner (1958) | |
| Andrew Kruegel collection | |
| Harold Moritz | |
| Ralph Lieser of Pappyβs Beryl Shop +3 other references |
| Schooner (1961) | |
| Wells (1887) | |
| Weber et al. (1995) |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Wells (1887) | |
| Ream (2004) |
| Ream (2004) | |
| Ream (1995) |
| Ream (2004) |
| Ream (2004) | |
| King (n.d.) |
| Thompson et al. (1998) |
| Cliff Trebilcock |
| Thompson et al. (1998) | |
| - (2005) |
| Geology and Ore Deposits of the Elkhorn ... +1 other reference |
| Walstrom (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Castor et al. (2004) +1 other reference |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| USGS Prof Paper 798D |
| Williams (1988) +1 other reference |
| Vandall King |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Richter et al. (1957) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Foord et al. (1988) +1 other reference |
| Foord et al. (1988) | |
| Foord et al. (1988) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| [Rocks & Minerals Vol 68 March/April ... |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Gillerman (1964) +1 other reference |
| - (2005) |
| Gillerman (1964) +1 other reference |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Gillerman (1964) +1 other reference |
| Gillerman (1964) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Lasky (1947) | |
| Lasky (1947) +1 other reference | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) +1 other reference |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Walstrom (n.d.) | |
| - (1965) |
| - (2005) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Jahns (1946) +1 other reference | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) +2 other references | |
| Jahns (1946) |
| Jahns (1946) | |
| Jahns (1946) | |
| Jahns (1946) | |
| Jahns (1946) | |
| Jahns (1946) +1 other reference | |
| Jahns (1946) +1 other reference |
| Jahns (1946) | |
| Jahns (1946) +3 other references | |
| Jahns (1946) | |
| Jahns (1946) +1 other reference | |
| Jahns (1946) +1 other reference | |
| Jahns (1946) +2 other references | |
| Jahns (1946) | |
| - (2005) +1 other reference | |
| Bingler (1968) +1 other reference | |
| - (2005) | |
| Jahns (1946) | |
| Jahns (1946) | |
| Jahns (1946) | |
| Jahns (1946) | |
| Jahns (1946) | |
| Jahns (1946) | |
| Jahns (1946) | |
| Jahns (1946) +1 other reference | |
| Jahns (1946) | |
| Jahns (1946) | |
| Jahns (1946) | |
| Jahns (1946) | |
| Jahns (1946) | |
| Jahns (1946) +1 other reference | |
| Jahns (1946) | |
| Jahns (1946) | |
| Jahns (1946) +2 other references |
| Jahns (1946) +1 other reference |
| Jahns (1946) +2 other references | |
| Jahns (1946) | |
| Jahns (1946) |
| Jahns (1946) | |
| Jahns (1946) | |
| Jahns (1946) | |
| Jahns (1946) +2 other references |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Jahns (1946) +1 other reference | |
| - (1965) |
| Lasky (1932) |
| - (2005) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Jahns et al. (1977) +1 other reference | |
| Januzzi et al. (1976) |
| - (2005) |
| Dana 6:1076 +1 other reference |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Rocks & Min.: 59:109-120 & 62:176-178. |
| Roberts et al. (1965) |
| Roberts et al. (1965) | |
| Roberts et al. (1965) |
| Smith et al. (2000) | |
| Roberts et al. (1965) |
| Alminas +2 other references | |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Dana 6:1092. |
| Thorne (n.d.) | |
| Thorne (n.d.) | |
| Lindgren et al. (1919) | |
| Means +2 other references | |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Dana 7:II:62. +4 other references |
| Means +1 other reference | |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Bullock (1981) +1 other reference |
| Bullock (1981) +1 other reference | |
| Thorne (n.d.) |
| Rick Dalrymple Collection | |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Kearns et al. (2000) |
| Cannon (1975) |
| Hausel et al. (2001) |
| - (2005) |
| Rocks&Min 76:23-241 | |
Uzbekistan | |
| Ashirov et al. (2023) |
| Kovalenker et al. (2003) |
Zimbabwe | |
| Walsh et al. (1997) |
| Martin (2020) |
| Cairncross (2004) |
| Hornung. G. PhD thesis. Pegmatites of ... |
| Gallagher (1967) +1 other reference | |
| Cairncross (2004) |
| Cairncross (2004) |
| Cairncross (2004) |
| Cairncross (2004) | |
| Frei (2005) |
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